Methodology for Y Chromosome Capture: A complete genome sequence of Y chromosome using flow cytometry, laser microdissection and magnetic streptavidin-beads.

This study is a comparison of the efficiency of three technologies used for Y chromosome capture and the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies applied for determining its whole sequence. Our main findings disclose that streptavidin-biotin magnetic particle-based capture methodology offers better and a deeper sequence coverage for Y chromosome capture, compared to chromosome sorting and microdissection procedures. Moreover, this methodology is less time consuming and the most selective for capturing only Y chromosomal material, in contrast with other methodologies that result in considerable background material from other, non-targeted chromosomes. NGS results compared between two platforms, NextSeq 500 and SOLID 5500xl, produce the same coverage results. This is the first study to explore a methodological comparison of Y chromosome capture and genetic analysis. Our results indicate an improved strategy for Y chromosome research with applications in several scientific fields where this chromosome plays an important role, such as forensics, medical sciences, molecular anthropology and cancer sciences.

La influencia de factores individuales, relacionados con el trabajo, socioeconómicos y de organización del sistema sanitario sobre la duración de la incapacidad temporal / The influence of individual, work-related, socioeconomic, and the health system organization factors on the duration of sick-leave

Objetivo: Estudiar la frecuencia de aparición de Eventos Adversos (EA) atribuibles a la atención sanitaria en el hospital Severo Ochoa de Leganés y analizar el tipo de EA detectado. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de carácter retrospectivo en pacientes dados de alta durante 2004 en dicho hospital, que constó de dos fases. En la primera fase o de screening se identificaron los casos con riesgo de aparición de un EA. En la segunda fase o de confirmación se realizó la revisión de los casos cribados para confirmar o descartar la existencia del EA. Se consideró EA tanto los Efectos Adversos como los incidentes. Los casos confirmados se analizaron tipificando sus consecuencias y valorando si eran prevenibles o no. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 240 historias clínicas, de las cuales 90 (38%) pasaron a la segunda fase de análisis del estudio. De estas 90 historias, en 47 (52%) se había producido al menos un EA. En 34 pacientes se estimó que se había producido al menos un EA y en 13 un incidente. Del total de EA detectados, el 56% se consideraron prevenibles y el 87% se produjeron durante la hospitalización. El 50% de los EA se consideraron moderados, el 36% leves y el 14% graves. La consecuencia más frecuente de los EA detectados fue haber provocado una «lesión sin secuela con prolongación de la estancia». Conclusión: La tasa de pacientes con EA fue de un 14,2%, y la tasa de pacientes con incidentes de un 5,4%. El estudio ha permitido conocer las áreas prioritarias en las cuales centrar esfuerzos para detectar y prevenir los EA (AU)

Objective: To estimate the frequency of occurrence of Adverse Events (AE) that may be attributed to health care iin Hospital Severo Ochoa de Leganés, an investigation was performed by a descriptive, retrospective study using a random sample of patients released during the year 2004. Material and method: This study is carried out by reviewing clinical records. Results: Out of 240 patients included initially in the study, 90 (38%) were taken for the second stage of the study. At least one AE was considered to have occurred in 47 (52%) of them. At least one AE occurred in 34 of them, and in 13 just an incident occurred. From the total of AE detected, 56% were considered that could be prevented, 87% happened while staying in the hospital. The 50% of the AE were considered mediums, the 36% minor and the 14% serious and the most frequent consequence detected was an «injury with no consequence with an extension of the stay in the hospital». Conclusions: The rate of patients with AE was 14,2% and the rate of patients with an incident was 5.4%. Additionally, this study has contributed to identify the main areas where the efforts should be dedicated for the detection and prevention of AE (AU)

Host-dependent differences during synergistic infection by Potyviruses with potato virus X.

SUMMARY A comparative analysis of the synergistic interaction between PVX and either PVY or TEV potyviruses was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum plants. In each PVX/potyvirus combination, doubly infected plants developed much more severe symptoms than singly infected ones. However, while PVX accumulation increased in doubly infected N. tabacum plants compared with singly infected plants, the accumulation of PVX did not vary drastically in doubly infected N. benthamiana plants with respect to single infected ones. These findings suggest that the relationship between viral titre enhancement and synergism in PVX/potyvirus infections is host dependent. Since PVX and potyviruses contain suppressors of a plant antiviral defence system mediated by gene silencing, differences observed in the response of these two related hosts to PVX/potyvirus interactions might reflect the effect of these viruses on host specific antiviral defences.

[Unusual bladder tumors: primary epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and sarcoma. Clinical behavior. Our experience]. / Tumores vesicales inusuales: carcinoma epidermoide, adenocarcinoma y sarcoma primarios. Comportamiento clínico. Nuestra experiencia.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Non-transitional cell tumours of the bladder are both a diagnostic challenge for the pathologist and a therapeutic challenge for the urologist, because although uncommon (less than 5% of all malignancies of the bladder) they show different biological behaviours each requiring a unique approach. The most significant pathoanatomical types are: primary epidermoid carcinoma, primary adenocarcinoma and primary sarcoma. This paper presents an analysis of our experience in these types of tumours. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of unusual cases of cancer of the bladder seen in our hospital between 1988-2001. Their biological behaviour and the therapies applied are analysed. The extravesical origin of the tumour was ruled out in all cases. RESULTS: We found 21 cases of the following pathoanatomical varieties: 13 epidermoid carcinomas, 7 adenocarcinomas (3 urachal) and 1 sarcoma. Mean age was very different between epidermoid carcinomas (69.2 +/- 9.1 years) and adenocarcinomas (50.3 +/- 8.1). Tumour behaviour was very aggressive in all three histological varieties. At the time of diagnosis 19 patients had locally advanced stages (> or = T2). Although elective therapy was cystectomy, this was only feasible in 10 cases. Systemic chemotherapy (most frequently M-VAC) and/or local radiotherapy was used in 7 cases. 14 patients have died after a mean survival of 15.7 +/- 11.6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Late diagnosis of these tumours and their aggressive biological behaviour involve a gloomy prognosis. Only early diagnosis and radical therapy could improve the prognosis.

Tumores vesicales inusuales: carcinoma epidermoide, adenocarcinoma y sarcoma primarios.Comportamiento clínico. Nuestra experiencia / Unusual tumours of the bladder: primary epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and sarcoma. Clinical behaviour. Our experience

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Los tumores vesicales con un patrón morfológico no transicional, constituyen un reto diagnóstico al patólogo y terapéutico al urólogo, pues aunque son poco frecuentes (menos del 5 por ciento de los tumores malignos de vejiga), presentan un comportamiento biológico diferente que obliga a un abordaje terapéutico particular. Las variedades anatomopatológicas más importantes son: el carcinoma epidermoide, el adenocarcinoma y el sarcoma primarios. Analizamos nuestra experiencia en este tipo de tumores. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de los tumores vesicales inusuales tratados en nuestro Hospital entre 19882001. Analizamos su comportamiento biológico y tratamiento aplicado. En todos ellos se descartó el origen extravesical de la tumoración. RESULTADOS: Encontramos 21 casos, cuyas variedades anatomopatológicas fueron: 13 Carcinomas Epidermoides, 7 Adenocarcinomas (3 de Uraco) y un Sarcoma. La edad media fue muy diferente entre los carcinomas epidermoides (69,2 ñ 9,1 años) y los adenocarcinomas (50,3 ñ 8,1). En las tres variedades histológicas el comportamiento fue muy agresivo. En el momento del diagnóstico 19 pacientes presentaban estadios locales avanzados (T2). Aunque el tratamiento electivo fue la cistectomía, sólo se pudo realizar en 10 casos. Quimioterapia sistémica (la más frecuente M-VAC) y/o RT local se aplicó en 7 casos. 14 pacientes han fallecido, con una supervivencia media de 15,7 ñ 11,6 meses. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico tardío de estos tumores y su agresivo comportamiento biológico comportan un pronóstico sombrío. Sólo un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento radical podrían mejorar su pronóstico (AU)

Serological characterization of Hungarian plum pox virus isolates.

Three Hungarian (no. 2, 4 and 9), and a Moldavian (K) plum pox virus isolates were compared with a characterized Spanish isolate (5.15) by RT-PCR, ELISA, dot-blot and Western blot analysis. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against the external, intermediate and internal sequences of the coat protein of the Spanish isolate were able to differentiate the four isolates. Hungarian isolate No. 2 proved to be serologically identical to the Spanish isolate, while No. 4 showed appreciable differences and No. 9 could be recognized only by the monoclonal antibodies representing the intermedial and internal parts of the coat protein. K isolate showed a more distant relationship to other isolates. Our experiment provided the first demonstration of the presence of D type isolates in Hungary.

[Visceral leishmaniasis and AIDS. Report of 2 cases with cutaneous dissemination]. / Leishmaniasis visceral y SIDA. A propósito de dos casos con diseminación cutánea.

The cutaneous affection in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar, is well known although poorly documented. The coinfection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has resulted in the development of frequent atypical forms of VL, increasing the descriptions of cutaneous affection in its evolution. We present two cases of VL-HIV, stressing the location of Leishmania in cutaneous lesions and in apparently normal skin. We suggest the cutaneous biopsy as diagnostic procedure and criteria for the definition of VL-HIV as indicative of AIDS.