ABSTRACT
Deep RNA-Seq profiling, a revolutionary method used for quantifying transcriptional levels, often includes non-specific transcripts from other co-existing organisms in spite of stringent protocols. Using the recently published walnut genome sequence as a filter, we present a broad analysis of the RNA-Seq derived transcriptome profiles obtained from twenty different tissues to extract the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in the walnut ecosystem in California. Since the residual nature of the transcripts being analyzed does not provide sufficient information to identify the exact strain, inferences made are constrained to the genus level. The presence of the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora was detected in the root through the presence of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cryptococcus, the causal agent of cryptococcosis, was found in the catkins and vegetative buds, corroborating previous work indicating that the plant surface supported the sexual cycle of this human pathogen. The RNA-Seq profile revealed several species of the endophytic nitrogen fixing Actinobacteria. Another bacterial species implicated in aerobic biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (Methylibium petroleiphilum) is also found in the root. RNA encoding proteins from the pea aphid were found in the leaves and vegetative buds, while a serine protease from mosquito with significant homology to a female reproductive tract protease from Drosophila mojavensis in the vegetative bud suggests egg-laying activities. The comprehensive analysis of RNA-seq data present also unraveled detailed, tissue-specific information of ~400 transcripts encoded by the largest family of resistance (R) genes (NBS-LRR), which possibly rationalizes the resistance of the specific walnut plant to the pathogens detected. Thus, we elucidate the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in several walnut (Juglans regia) tissues in California using deep RNA-Seq profiling.
ABSTRACT
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 8237 and CECT 8238, formerly known as Bacillus subtilis UMAF6639 and UMAF6614, respectively, contribute to plant health by facing microbial pathogens or inducing the plant's defense mechanisms. We sequenced their genomes and developed a set of ad hoc scripts that allowed us to search for the features implicated in their beneficial interaction with plants. We define a core set of genes that should ideally be found in any beneficial Bacillus strain, including the production of secondary metabolites, volatile compounds, metabolic plasticity, cell-to-cell communication systems, and biofilm formation. We experimentally prove that some of these genetic elements are active, such as i) the production of known secondary metabolites or ii) acetoin and 2-3-butanediol, compounds that stimulate plant growth and host defense responses. A comparison with other Bacillus genomes permits us to find differences in the cell-to-cell communication system and biofilm formation and to hypothesize variations in their persistence and resistance ability in diverse environmental conditions. In addition, the major protection provided by CECT 8237 and CECT 8238, which is different from other Bacillus strains against bacterial and fungal melon diseases, permits us to propose a correlation with their singular genetic background and determine the need to search for additional blind biocontrol-related features.
Subject(s)
Bacillus/genetics , Cucurbitaceae/microbiology , Genome, Bacterial/genetics , Genomics , Plant Diseases/prevention & control , Bacillus/chemistry , Bacillus/physiology , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Base Sequence , Molecular Sequence Data , Multigene Family , Pest Control, Biological , Phenotype , Phylogeny , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Plant Leaves/microbiology , Seeds/microbiology , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
El trasplante de órganos es una de las aportaciones modernas más importantes de la Medicina a la sociedad, y en el curso de este procedimiento interactúan con frecuencia los médicos del equipo de trasplantes (MET) y los médicos forenses (MF), estableciéndose en ocasiones cuestiones o controversias poco comprendidas por el otro colectivo. Así, vemos que algunos MET piensan que aunque el número de negativas judiciales en la extracción de órganos sea pequeño, su trascendencia en el número de receptores es importante, pudiéndose establecer dudas sobre la justificación ética a que una posible sobreprotección de los procedimientos judiciales impida salvar vidas. También se da la circunstancia contraria: algunos MF opinan que el explante de órganos puede imposibilitar la determinación de la causa de la muerte en determinados casos. No son pocos, sin embargo, los facultativos de ambos equipos que opinan que los objetivos de la donación de órganos y la recolección de pruebas forenses no son mutuamente excluyentes. La comprensión de los problemas que se plantean, a una y otra parte, unido a un afán de colaboración adecuado, pueden disminuir el número de negativas. También, la inclusión del MF en los MET podría suponer una significativa mejora en el proceso, tanto médico como judicial, de la extracción y el trasplante de órganos, disminuyendo la negativa judicial de explante de órganos (AU)
Organ transplantation is one of the most important contributions of modern medicine to society. Surgeons, Physicians and Forensic Doctors often interact in its development, leading rising questions and uncertainties to the rest of the team. For example, many doctors consider that, even the number of judicial refusals on solid organs explants it is reduced, its transcendence on the final number of receptors is important, concluding that an overprotective of the judicial procedures could obstruct save more lives. On the other hand, on the Forensic Doctors view, organ extraction could make impossible determine the cause of death in certain cases. However, all the parts of the team believe that the objectives of organ donation and collection of forensic evidence are not mutually exclusive. Understanding between different professionals, combined with a desire for proper collaboration, can decrease the number of refusals. In addition to that, the inclusion of Forensic Doctors on the solid organ transplant habitual protocols can produce a significant improvement in both medical and judicial process of the removal and transplantation of organs, reducing therefore the judicial negatives to the organ explants (AU)
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Informed Consent/legislation & jurisprudence , Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence , Tissue and Organ Procurement/organization & administration , Tissue and Organ Procurement/standards , Jurisprudence , Autopsy/standards , Cadaver , Judicial Decisions , Forensic Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Death , Forensic MedicineABSTRACT
Anti-inflammatory cytokines have an important role in disease, tumour and transplant processes. Alterations in the regulation of several cytokines have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory disorders, including IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) [Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)]. Cytokine polymorphisms are also known to affect the level of gene expression. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cytokine polymorphisms and the IBD pathologies in a Spanish population. Polymorphisms analysis was performed using PCR-SSOP using a microbeads luminex assay. The following polymorphisms were determined: TNFα [-238G/A (rs361525) and -308G/A (rs1800629)], IFNγ [+874A/T (rs62559044)], TGFß [+869C/T (rs1982073) and +915G/C (rs1800471)], IL10 [-1082A/A (rs1800896), -592A/C (rs1800872), -819C/T (rs1800871)], IL6 [-174C/G (rs1800795)], IL12p40 [3'UTR -1188A/C (rs3212227)], IL1α [-889C/T (rs1800587)], IL1ß [-511C/T (rs1143634) and +3962C/T (rs1143633)], IL1R [Pst-1 1970C/T] and IL1RA [Mspa-1 11100C/T]. No statistical differences in TNFα, IFNγ, TGFß, IL10, IL6, IL1α, IL1ß, IL1R and IL1Ra genotypes and allele distributions between the IBD groups and healthy controls were found. However, we observed significant differences in the 3'UTR -1188A/C polymorphism of IL12p40. So -1188A allele was increased in patients with UC and the -1188C allele (high IL12p40 production) was increased in patients with CD with respect to controls. These data are in concordance with the fact that CD has been shown to be associated with a Th1 T-cell-mediated inflammation model and high IL12/IFNγ production at histological affected sites. These data suggest that cytokine polymorphisms in TNFα, IFNγ, TGFß, IL10, IL6 and IL1α, IL1ß, IL1R and IL1Ra cytokine gene do not seem to be relevant in IBD susceptibility and IL12p40 3'UTR -1188A/C polymorphism seems to be associated with a differential IBD development.
Subject(s)
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics , Crohn Disease/genetics , Cytokines/genetics , Inflammation/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Genotype , Humans , Inflammation/immunology , Male , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Young AdultABSTRACT
En la práctica forense es relativamente frecuente encontrar individuos que elaboran o exageran síntomas de enfermedades, de manera consciente, con la intención de obtener una ganancia; en otras ocasiones atribuyen malformaciones o patologías previas a un nuevo evento traumático. Por ello es preciso ser minuciosos a la hora de establecer el nexo causal. Se presenta el caso de un individuo que pretende atribuir la secuela de anisocoria traumática a una agresión. El médico forense, con la colaboración de la Policía Científica, pudo demostrar que el origen de la lesión era previo, no pudiéndose establecer el nexo causal (AU)
In forensic practice is relatively common to find individuals who produce or exaggerate symptoms of disease, consciously, with the intention of making a profit. Sometimes, malformations or previous pathologies attributed to a new traumatic event. It is therefore necessary to be careful when establishing causation. Today we bring, the case of an individual who seeks to attribute the traumatic aftermath of an attack anisocoria. The Forensic Physician, with the collaboration of the Scientific Police, was able to demonstrate that the origin of the injury was before, not being able to establish a causal link (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Anisocoria/diagnosis , Eye Injuries/diagnosis , Malingering/diagnosis , Forensic Pathology/methods , Mydriasis/diagnosisABSTRACT
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has an important role in inflammatory response. Alterations in the regulation of TNF-α have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory disorders, including Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Indeed, a common treatment for IBD is the use of TNF-α inhibitors. Polymorphisms in the TNF-α promoter region are known to affect the level of gene expression. Our aim was to investigate the influence of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNF-α promoter gene play in the risk of IBD in a Spanish population and their individual response to anti-TNF-α treatment. DNA samples from patients with IBD and controls were screened for TNF-α -238G/A (rs361525) and -308G/A (rs1800629) SNPs by PCR-SSOP using a microbeads luminex assay and compared with response to TNF-α inhibitors. There were not statistical differences in -238G/A and -308G/A allele and genotype frequencies between patients. However, we found an increased frequency of -308A allele and -308GA genotype in these nonresponders patients to TNF-α inhibitors with respect to responders patients (Pc < 0.05). This -308GA genotype has been classified as high producer of this cytokine. This fact could actually be interesting to explain the different response of patients with IBD with respect to TNF-α inhibitors. TNF-α promoter gene polymorphism does not seem to play a role in IBD susceptibility, but particular TNF-α genotypes may be involved in the different responses to TNF-α inhibitor treatment in Spanish patients with IBD.
Subject(s)
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , White People/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Alleles , Child , Female , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Humans , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Spain , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Young AdultABSTRACT
El caso que traemos hoy a colación es el de un varón de 45 años de edad, que es encontrado muerto en su domicilio, refiriendo los vecinos que había sufrido una agresión 3 días antes. La inspección reveló algunas lesiones leves en la cabeza y los miembros, no mostrando el abdomen signos de violencia. La elasticidad de las paredes abdominales permite que la fuerza de un traumatismo se transmita rápidamente a los órganos internos. Esta misma laxitud sería la causa de la coexistencia de graves daños internos en ausencia de lesiones externas. En el caso de que haya cierto grado de anticipación pueden contraerse los músculos abdominales, con lo que se atenúan las lesiones. Las contusiones abdominales pueden ocasionar daños en los órganos internos de distinta índole. Destacan por su frecuencia las roturas hepáticas y en segundo lugar las esplénicas. Las lesiones abdominales en los traumatismos cerrados (sin comunicación entre la cavidad peritoneal y el exterior) pueden permanecer latentes varias horas, e incluso días, apareciendo de forma diferida los síntomas de irritación peritoneal (AU)
The case showed in this article is a forty five years old man who was founded dead at home suffering an aggression three days before, from what his neighbors told to police. Forensic inspection showed several head and limbs slight injuries without violence abdominal signs. Abdomen walls elasticity causes a fast traumatic force transmission to internal organs. This elasticity also explains serious internal injuries without external lesions. In case there exist certain anticipation, abdominal musculature contraction could lessen these injuries. Abdominal contusions could cause several damages types to internal organs. The most important are hepatic ruptures, and on the second place there are splenic ruptures. Abdominal injuries caused by closed traumatisms (without any connection between the peritoneal cavity andthe outside), could stay latent for many hours, even days, appearing peritoneal irritation delayed symptoms (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Splenic Rupture/diagnosis , Aggression , Violence , Abdominal Injuries/diagnosis , Autopsy/methods , Hemoperitoneum/diagnosis , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosisABSTRACT
This article discusses basic features of nutritional support in critically-ill patients: general indications, the route o f administration and the optimal timing f or the introduction of feeding. Although these features form the bedrock of nutritional support, most of the questions related to these issues are lacking answers based on the highest grade of evidence. Moreover, prospective randomized trials that might elucidate some o f these questions would probably be incompatible with good clinical practice. Nevertheless, nutritional support in critically-ill patients unable to voluntarily meet their own nutritional requirements is currently an unquestionable part of their treatment and care and is essential to the successful management of their illness (AU)
En este artículo se recogen aspectos básicos del soporte nutricional en los pacientes críticos: el relacionado con las indicaciones generales, la vía de administración y el momento más indicado para su inicio. pese a ser aspectos referidos a los cimientos del soporte nutricional, todavía no se ha podido responder con grado máximo de evidencia a la mayoría de las cuestiones que plantea y, además, probablemente no puedan realizarse estudios prospectivos y aleatorizados en el futuro que den respuesta a estas cuestiones, por invadir aspectos incompatibles con la buena práctica clínica. pese a todo ello, hoy día el soporte nutricional de los pacientes críticos, con incapacidad para recibir de forma voluntaria todos los requerimientos nutricionales necesarios, es un punto indiscutible del tratamiento y cuidado que necesitan los pacientes críticos para afrontar con éxito la enfermedad (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Critical Illness/therapy , Nutritional Support/methods , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Parenteral Nutrition , Evidence-Based Practice/methods , Practice Patterns, Physicians'ABSTRACT
En este artículo se recogen aspectos básicos del soporte nutricional en los pacientes críticos: el relacionado con las indicaciones generales, la vía de administración y el momento más indicado para su inicio. Pese a ser aspectos referidos a los cimientos del soporte nutricional, todavía no se ha podido responder con grado máximo de evidencia a la mayoría de las cuestiones que plantea y, además, probablemente no puedan realizarse estudios prospectivos y aleatorizados en el futuro que den respuesta a estas cuestiones, por invadir aspectos incompatibles con la buena práctica clínica. Pese a todo ello, hoy día el soporte nutricional de los pacientes críticos, con incapacidad para recibir de forma voluntaria todos los requerimientos nutricionales necesarios, es un punto indiscutible del tratamiento y cuidado que necesitan los pacientes críticos para afrontar con éxito la enfermedad (AU)
This article discusses basic features of nutritional support in critically-ill patients: general indications, the route of administration and the optimal timing for the introduction of feeding. Although these features form the bedrock of nutritional support, most of the questions related to these issues are lacking answers based on the highest grade of evidence. Moreover, prospective randomized trials that might elucidate some o f these questions would probably be incompatible with good clinical practice. Nevertheless, nutritional support in critically-ill patients unable to voluntarily meet their own nutritional requirements is currently an unquestionable part of their treatment and care and is essential to the successful management of their illness (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Enteral Nutrition/standards , Critical Care/methods , Parenteral Nutrition/standards , Societies, Medical/standards , Societies, Scientific/standards , Critical Illness/therapy , Energy Intake , Enteral Nutrition/adverse effects , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Evidence-Based Medicine , Food, Formulated , Gastroparesis/physiopathology , Malnutrition/prevention & control , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Parenteral Nutrition/methods , Pneumonia, Aspiration/prevention & control , Prognosis , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Spain , Time FactorsABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Heart Transplantation , Myocardial Infarction , EchocardiographyABSTRACT
This article discusses basic features of nutritional support in critically-ill patients: general indications, the route of administration and the optimal timing for the introduction of feeding. Although these features form the bedrock of nutritional support, most of the questions related to these issues are lacking answers based on the highest grade of evidence. Moreover, prospective randomized trials that might elucidate some o f these questions would probably be incompatible with good clinical practice. Nevertheless, nutritional support in critically-ill patients unable to voluntarily meet their own nutritional requirements is currently an unquestionable part of their treatment and care and is essential to the successful management of their illness.
Subject(s)
Critical Care , Enteral Nutrition/standards , Parenteral Nutrition/standards , Societies, Medical/standards , Societies, Scientific/standards , Critical Care/methods , Critical Illness/therapy , Energy Intake , Enteral Nutrition/adverse effects , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Evidence-Based Medicine , Food, Formulated , Gastroparesis/physiopathology , Humans , Malnutrition/prevention & control , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Parenteral Nutrition/methods , Pneumonia, Aspiration/prevention & control , Prognosis , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Spain , Time FactorsABSTRACT
This article discusses basic features of nutritional support in critically-ill patients: general indications, the route of administration and the optimal timing for the introduction of feeding. Although these features form the bedrock of nutritional support, most of the questions related to these issues are lacking answers based on the highest grade of evidence. Moreover, prospective randomized trials that might elucidate some o f these questions would probably be incompatible with good clinical practice. Nevertheless, nutritional support in critically-ill patients unable to voluntarily meet their own nutritional requirements is currently an unquestionable part of their treatment and care and is essential to the successful management of their illness.
Subject(s)
Critical Illness/therapy , Nutritional Support/methods , Consensus , Critical Care/standards , Energy Intake , Enteral Nutrition/methods , Humans , Parenteral Nutrition/methods , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Time FactorsABSTRACT
La peligrosidad de las heridas inciso-punzantes viene determinada por su situación y por la existencia de estructuras vitales subyacentes; alcanzando una mayor gravedad, las localizadas en tórax y cuello. Las lesiones cervicales adquieren un peor pronóstico vital cuando se afectan los grandes vasos o la vía aérea, pudiendo quedar secuelas incapacitantes por lesión de los nervios que discurren por la zona. En el siguiente artículo exponemos un caso de herida inciso-punzante laterocervical izquierda, con lesión (neurotmesis) del nervio accesorio o espinal (XI par craneal), que determina la aparición de una escápula alada, signo característico de esta lesión (AU)
The danger of incised wounds is determined by their position and the underlying vital structures, and the ones localized in the torax are more serius. Cervical lesions get worse vital pronostic when they affect great vessels and the airway. This could result in the disability of the nerves which flow in this area. In the next article, we present one left lateral-cervical incised wound case, with an accesory nerve (spinal accesory nerve or XI C.N.) disorder (neurotmesis), which determine the appearance of a winged scapula. The winged scapula is the characteristic sign of this lesion (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Wounds, Penetrating/complications , Wounds, Stab/complications , Brachial Plexus Neuritis/etiology , Accessory Nerve , Treatment Outcome , Rehabilitation/methodsABSTRACT
En números anteriores de nuestra revista se han tratado, con profusión de imágenes, las asfixias mecánicas; tanto en su aspecto macroscópico, como microscópico. Hoy mostramos una ahorcadura, atípica hasta hace escaso tiempo en nuestro medio, la "asfixia autoerótica". El diagnóstico de la naturaleza de la muerte (accidental, suicida e incluso homicida) ha sido muy discutido, teniendo un papel fundamental en su aclaración, la Diligencia de Levantamiento de Cadáver. Un examen meticuloso del lugar de los hechos nos va a orientar de manera definitiva sobre la naturaleza del óbito (AU)
In previous numbers of our magazine one has treated, with profusion of images, the asphyxiations mechanics; so much in their macroscopic aspect, as microscopic. Today we show a hanging, atypical up to scanty time ago in our way, the "autoerotic asphyxiation". The diagnosis of the nature of the death (accidental, suicidal and enclosed killer) has been very controversial, having a fundamental role in his explanation the scene of the death. A meticulous examination of the place of the facts is going to orientate us in a definitive way on the nature of the death (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Suicide/legislation & jurisprudence , Masturbation/complications , Asphyxia/etiology , Paraphilic Disorders/complications , Risk-Taking , Dangerous BehaviorABSTRACT
Se da cuenta de la incidencia del suicidio consumado en la provincia de Cádiz, durante el quinquenio comprendido entre 1999 y 2003, para el que se obtiene una tasa media interanual de 4.63 suicidios por cada 100.000 habitantes, con una proporción de 4.37 hombres por cada mujer. Se analiza el estado civil de los suicidas de uno y otro sexo, así como la edad media de los mismos, encontrándose diferencias significativas de ésta entre los hombres (51.36 años), frente al colectivo de mujeres (56.22 años). Se estudia la distribución de los suicidios en relación con los meses del año y con los días de la semana, alcanzándose una mayor incidencia durante los meses de invierno (diciembre, enero, febrero) y, globalmente, para el día sábado. La ahorcadura es el mecanismo más frecuentemente empleado (46.38%), seguido de la precipitación (25.09%) y del empleo de tóxicos (11.78%). El 55.89% de los suicidas tenían antecedentes psiquiátricos, habiendo sido diagnosticados de síndrome depresivo en el 63.94% de los casos. El 14.82% de los suicidas habían hecho intentos previos de suicidio
In this paper we report the incidence of suicide committed in the province of Cádiz during 1999-2003. The rate of suicides per 100.000 inhabitants was 4.63 with a proportion of 4.37 men for every woman. The marital status of those of either sex who committed suicide is analyzed, as well as their average age. Significant differences of age was found between men (51.36 years) and women (56.22 years). The distribution of suicides by month and day of the week is also analyzed, the greatest incidence of suicides occurring during the winter months (December, January, February) and, in general, on Saturday. Hanging, the most employed method (46.38%), followed by jumping from a height (25.09%) and the use of toxic substances (11.78%). 55.89% of those who committed suicide had a psychiatric history, having been diagnosed a depressive syndrome in 63.94% of the cases. 14.82% of suicide victims had made previous suicide attempts
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Cohort Studies , Marital Status , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution , Seasons , Depression/complicationsABSTRACT
Numerosos autores recomiendan la realización de análisis toxicológico, prácticamente en todos los casos forenses, especialmente, cuando tras el examen macroscópico no aparece suficientemente aclarada la causa de la muerte. La ausencia de lesiones patognomónicas en la mayoría de las intoxicaciones avalan la recomendación anterior; sin embargo, en algunos casos los hallazgos en la autopsia son indicativos del agente causal. Así vemos como la coloración rojo cereza de las livideces cadavéricas van a ser muy sugestivas de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono o cianuro
Several authors recommend to perform a toxicological analysis in practically every forensic autopsy, specifically when the macroscopical examination does not reveal sufficiently the cause of death. The absence of pathognomonic findings in the majority of poisonings support this recommendation. However; in some cases autopsy findings are indicative of the causative agent. For instance, the red cherry coloration from livor mortis are suggestive of a carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning
Subject(s)
Female , Adult , Humans , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/diagnosis , Postmortem Changes , Forensic Sciences/methods , Autopsy/methodsABSTRACT
No disponible
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Myocardial Infarction/complications , Myocardial Infarction/pathology , Myocardial Infarction/therapy , Thrombolytic Therapy/adverse effects , Thrombolytic Therapy/mortality , Thrombolytic TherapyABSTRACT
No disponible
No disponible
