ABSTRACT
There is a clear inequality in gender distribution for the STEM areas (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). Furthermore, there is a noticeable lack of diversity and a socio-economic gap that requires actionable solutions. To explore potential factors that affect the participation of women in STEM, this paper reviews two possible groups of determinants: national culture and complexity thinking. A survey with 684 respondents from higher education institutions in Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, and Spain was undertaken. The instrument measured four components of complexity thinking namely critical, scientific, innovative, and systemic). Using analysis of variance between two groups and between multiple groups, differences were observed between the countries' samples and between genders. Once the significance was confirmed, boxplots for each dimension were elaborated to facilitate the visualization of the distributions. The scores were compared with the national culture values to seek possible behavioral patterns in the data. The results reveal two groups between the observed countries. Also, there are clear indications of a relationship between the national culture dimensions and the complex thinking components.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Flight performance and dispersal behaviour can differ between sexes, resulting in sex-biased dispersal. The primary sex ratio of populations may also explain dispersal bias between sexes, as this bias may evolve with the primary sex ratio to reduce intrasexual competition. Although dispersal bias between sexes is relevant to population dynamics, there are few studies on sex-biased dispersal in insects. We studied the flight performance and dispersal behaviour of seven saproxylic beetle species associated with tree hollows from a sex perspective. We also analysed the possible coevolution of flight performance with the primary sex ratio. METHODS: Wing loading and wing aspect ratio were used as measures of the flight performance of species and sexes. Dispersal behaviour was explored by analysing the frequency of each sex in interception traps versus the primary sex ratio obtained by tree hollow emergence traps using contingency tables and posthoc standardized residuals. A more active flight behaviour was expected for the sex with higher capture frequency in the interception traps. To explore the causes of flight performance bias between sexes, we searched for possible correlations between wing loading or wing aspect ratio and primary sex ratio using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Wing loading and wing aspect ratio differed between species and sexes, with flight performance being higher in males than in females for four of the seven species analysed. Dispersal behaviour and flight performance matched in the case of Elater ferrugineus; males showed higher flight performance and were the most collected sex in the interception traps (more active flyers). In contrast, the higher flight activity of Cetonia carthami aurataeformis females was not correlated with a higher flight performance than that of males. Moreover, we found that a bias in the primary sex ratio towards females is often correlated with a decrease in female flight performance. CONCLUSIONS: We stress that flight performance and dispersal behaviour of sexes do not always go hand in hand. Moreover, the relationship between the sex ratio and flight performance bias between sexes is not driven by competition within the most abundant sex. The inclusion of a sex perspective in insect dispersal studies would be useful to detect dispersal bias between sexes and its causes and would allow for further analysis of its effects on population dynamics.
ABSTRACT
We explored the dependence of some Cetoniidae species on saproxylic environments and microhabitats in a Mediterranean oak forest by analyzing species collected using different kinds of traps-log emergence, hollow emergence, and interception traps-and the sex ratio of the species in each trap. Comparing the sex ratio of the species collected via emergence versus interception was useful to unravel the degree of dependence on saproxylic microhabitats. Among the species studied, Cetonia aurataeformis Curti, 1913 (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) was the only obligate tree hollow inhabitant. Special attention should thus be paid to the maintenance of tree hollows for the species' conservation in Mediterranean forests. A gradient of dependence on tree hollows was established from the more dependent Protaetia (Potosia) cuprea (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) and Protaetia (Potosia) opaca (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) to the less dependent Protaetia (Netocia) morio (Fabricius, 1781) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae). All the latter species can be considered facultatively dependent, to varying degrees, on tree hollows. By contrast, the saproxylic affinity of Protaetia (Netocia) oblonga (Gory and Percheron, 1833) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae), Tropinota squalida (Scopoli, 1783) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) and Oxythyrea funesta (Poda, 1761) (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) was doubtful. Generally, the sex ratio of the studied species was female-biased. A possible explanation may be local male competition for females, suggesting the Cetoniinae is a female world. However, the range of difference in the female-biased sex ratio among species suggests it is important to explore other possible causes, such as differences in dispersal abilities.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Animals , Female , Forests , Male , Sex Ratio , TreesABSTRACT
Objetivo: desarrollar una nueva formulación inyectable en solución acuosa de succinilcolina, para uso pediátrico. Métodos: se utiliza la materia prima cloruro de succinilcolina con demostrada calidad para el diseño de la formulación. Fueron ensayadas tres variantes de formulación, durante seis meses, a una temperatura de 25±2 oC y una humedad relativa de 60±5 por ciento, se analiza la influencia de los componentes y el envase sobre el contenido del fármaco. Resultados: la formulación envasada en bulbos 6R, sin agentes preservantes, se selecciona como la mejor variante. Los tres lotes a escala de laboratorio cumplieron con los parámetros de calidad establecidos y se realizó el escalado piloto. Conclusiones: se comprobó la factibilidad del desarrollo del inyectable en solución de succinilcolina infantil 100mg(AU)
Objective: to develop a new injectable formulation in aqueos solution of succinylcoline for pediatric uses. Methods: the raw material for the formulation was succinylcoline chloride with proven quality for this design. Three variants of formulation were tested for six months at a temperature of 25±2 oC and relative humidity of 60±5 percent. The influence of the components and of the packing on the contents of the drug was analyzed. Results: the formulation packed in flasks 6R with no preserving agent was chosen as the best. Three batches at lab scale met the set quality parameters and also a pilot scale-up was performed. Conclusions: the feasibility of the development of an injectable product in 100mg infant succinylcoline solution(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Succinylcholine/therapeutic use , Reference Standards , Controlled Clinical Trials as TopicABSTRACT
Objetivo: desarrollar una nueva formulación inyectable en solución acuosa de succinilcolina, para uso pediátrico. Métodos: se utiliza la materia prima cloruro de succinilcolina con demostrada calidad para el diseño de la formulación. Fueron ensayadas tres variantes de formulación, durante seis meses, a una temperatura de 25±2 oC y una humedad relativa de 60±5 por ciento, se analiza la influencia de los componentes y el envase sobre el contenido del fármaco. Resultados: la formulación envasada en bulbos 6R, sin agentes preservantes, se selecciona como la mejor variante. Los tres lotes a escala de laboratorio cumplieron con los parámetros de calidad establecidos y se realizó el escalado piloto. Conclusiones: se comprobó la factibilidad del desarrollo del inyectable en solución de succinilcolina infantil 100mg(AU)
Objective: to develop a new injectable formulation in aqueos solution of succinylcoline for pediatric uses. Methods: the raw material for the formulation was succinylcoline chloride with proven quality for this design. Three variants of formulation were tested for six months at a temperature of 25±2 oC and relative humidity of 60±5 percent. The influence of the components and of the packing on the contents of the drug was analyzed. Results: the formulation packed in flasks 6R with no preserving agent was chosen as the best. Three batches at lab scale met the set quality parameters and also a pilot scale-up was performed(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Succinylcholine/therapeutic use , Clinical Trials as Topic , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
La alta incidencia de patologías relacionadas con la exposición al sol, en los últimos tiempos ha centrado nuestro interés en el estudio de los diferentes tipos de piel y cómo los UVR afectan su constitución normal. En esta revisión se clasifican los tipos de piel y se mencionan los diferentes mecanismos de respuesta del organismo ante los rayos UVR, así como también las alternativas farmacológicas que previenen el desarrollo de enfermedades de la piel
Subject(s)
Skin , Ultraviolet RaysABSTRACT
La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), se acompaña entre un 90 a 100 por ciento de alteraciones cutáneas de enfermedades frecuentes como psoriasis, dermatitis seborreica o verrugas virales entre otras. Estas alteraciones cutáneas pueden ser la manifestación inicial de la infección o señal de alarma sobre el compromiso acelerado de la inmunidad del paciente. Como cuidadosos clínicos debemos reconocer y aprender a interpretar las manifestaciones dermatológicas que nos permiten sospechar la infección por VIH
