Factors Associated With Early Motor Function Trajectories in DMD After Glucocorticoid Initiation: Post Hoc Analysis of the FOR-DMD Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Clinical trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) require 3-6 months of stable glucocorticoids, and the primary outcome is explored at 48-52 weeks. The factors that influence the clinical outcome assessment (COA) trajectories soon after glucocorticoid initiation are relevant for the design and analysis of clinical trials of novel drugs. We describe early COA trajectories, associated factors, and the time from glucocorticoid initiation to COA peak. METHODS: This was a prospective 18-month analysis of the Finding the Optimum Corticosteroid Regimen for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy study. Four COAs were investigated: rise from supine velocity (RFV), 10-meter walk/run velocity (10MWRV), North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score, and 6-minute walk test distance (6MWT). The relationships of baseline age (4-5 vs 6-7 years), COA baseline performance, genotype, and glucocorticoid regimen (daily vs intermittent) with the COA trajectories were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six glucocorticoid-naïve boys with DMD aged 4-7 years were enrolled. The mean age at baseline was 5.9 ± 1.0 years, 66% (n = 130) were on daily regimens, 55% (n = 107) showed a 6MWT distance >330 metres; 41% (n = 78) showed RFV >0.2 rise/s; 76% (n = 149) showed 10MWRV >0.142 10m/s, and 41.0% (n = 79) showed NSAA total score >22 points. Mean COA trajectories differed by age at glucocorticoid initiation (p < 0.01 for RFV, 10MWRV, and NSAA; p < 0.05 for 6MWT) and regimen (p < 0.01 for RFV, 10MWRV, and NSAA). Boys younger than 6 years reached their peak performance 12-18 months after glucocorticoid initiation. Boys aged 6 years or older on a daily regimen peaked between months 9 and 12 and those on an intermittent regimen by 9 months. The baseline COA performance was associated with the NSAA (p < 0.01) and the 6MWT trajectory in boys younger than 6 years on a daily regimen (p < 0.01). Differences in the mean trajectories by genotype were not significant. DISCUSSION: Glucocorticoid regimen, age, duration of glucocorticoid exposure, and baseline COA performance need to be considered in the design and analysis of clinical trials in young boys with DMD.

Reference curves of motor function outcomes in young steroid-naïve males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

AIM: To investigate functional motor performance in a large cohort of young steroid-naïve males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and typically developing males, and to develop specific reference curves for both groups. Also, to describe associations between anthropometric values and functional motor outcomes. METHOD: Cross-sectional data of 196 steroid-naïve males with DMD aged 4 to 8 years and 497 typically developing males aged 2 years 6 months to 8 years were included. Both groups were evaluated with the time to rise from the floor test, 10-metre walk/run test, 6-minute walk test, and North Star Ambulatory Assessment. Reference curves with centiles 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and 95% were estimated using quantile regression. RESULTS: Males with DMD scored significantly worse on all functional motor outcomes than age-matched typically developing males (p < 0.001): 89% to 95% of the males with DMD scored below the 5th centile of the typically developing males. No or weak correlations exist between anthropometric values and functional motor outcomes. INTERPRETATION: The estimated reference curves can support consultation with families of young males with DMD and can support the evaluation of treatment for reaching motor skills and functional motor outcomes compared with typically developing males.

Lean tissue mass measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and associations with strength and functional outcome measures in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a slowly progressive disease of skeletal muscle. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a widely available, cost-effective and sensitive technique for measuring whole body and regional lean tissue mass and has been used in prior clinical trials in neuromuscular diseases. The Clinical Trial Readiness to Solve Barriers to Drug Development in FSHD (ReSolve) study is a prospective, longitudinal, observational multisite study. We obtained concurrent DEXA scans and functional outcome measurements in 185 patients with FSHD at the baseline visit. We determined the associations between lean tissue mass in the upper and lower extremities and corresponding clinical outcome measures. There were moderate correlations between upper and lower extremity lean tissue mass and their corresponding strengths and function. Lean tissue mass obtained by DEXA scan may be useful as a biomarker in future clinical trials in FSHD.

Milestones of progression in myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2.

INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Disease progression in myotonic dystrophy (DM) is marked by milestone events when functional thresholds are crossed. DM type 2 (DM2) is considered less severe than DM type 1 (DM1), but it is unknown whether this applies uniformly to all features. We compared the age-dependent risk for milestone events in DM1 and DM2 and tested for associations with age of onset and sex. METHODS: We studied a large cohort of adult participants in a national registry of DM1 and DM2. Using annual surveys from participants, we ascertained milestone events for motor involvement (use of cane, walker, ankle brace, wheelchair, or ventilatory device), systemic involvement (diabetes, pacemaker, cancer), loss of employment due to DM, and death. RESULTS: Mean follow-up of registry participants (929 DM1 and 222 DM2 patients) was 7 years. Disability and motor milestones occurred at earlier ages in DM1 than in DM2. In contrast, the risk of diabetes was higher and tended to occur earlier in DM2 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.56; P ≤ .001). In DM1, the milestone events tended to occur earlier, and life expectancy was reduced, when symptoms began at younger ages. In DM1, men were at greater risk for disability (HR, 1.34; P ≤ .01), use of ankle braces (HR, 1.41; P = .02), and diabetes (HR, 2.2; P ≤ .0001), whereas women were at greater risk for needing walkers (HR, 0.68; P = .001) or malignancy (HR, 0.66; P ≤ .01). DISCUSSION: Milestone events recorded through registries can be used to assess long-term impact of DM in large cohorts. Except for diabetes, the age-related risk of milestone events is greater in DM1 than in DM2.

Effect of Different Corticosteroid Dosing Regimens on Clinical Outcomes in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Corticosteroids improve strength and function in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, there is uncertainty regarding the optimum regimen and dosage. Objective: To compare efficacy and adverse effects of the 3 most frequently prescribed corticosteroid regimens in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Design, Setting, and Participants: Double-blind, parallel-group randomized clinical trial including 196 boys aged 4 to 7 years with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who had not previously been treated with corticosteroids; enrollment occurred between January 30, 2013, and September 17, 2016, at 32 clinic sites in 5 countries. The boys were assessed for 3 years (last participant visit on October 16, 2019). Interventions: Participants were randomized to daily prednisone (0.75 mg/kg) (n = 65), daily deflazacort (0.90 mg/kg) (n = 65), or intermittent prednisone (0.75 mg/kg for 10 days on and then 10 days off) (n = 66). Main Outcomes and Measures: The global primary outcome comprised 3 end points: rise from the floor velocity (in rise/seconds), forced vital capacity (in liters), and participant or parent global satisfaction with treatment measured by the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM; score range, 0 to 100), each averaged across all study visits after baseline. Pairwise group comparisons used a Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of .017. Results: Among the 196 boys randomized (mean age, 5.8 years [SD, 1.0 years]), 164 (84%) completed the trial. Both daily prednisone and daily deflazacort were more effective than intermittent prednisone for the primary outcome (P < .001 for daily prednisone vs intermittent prednisone using a global test; P = .017 for daily deflazacort vs intermittent prednisone using a global test) and the daily regimens did not differ significantly (P = .38 for daily prednisone vs daily deflazacort using a global test). The between-group differences were principally attributable to rise from the floor velocity (0.06 rise/s [98.3% CI, 0.03 to 0.08 rise/s] for daily prednisone vs intermittent prednisone [P = .003]; 0.06 rise/s [98.3% CI, 0.03 to 0.09 rise/s] for daily deflazacort vs intermittent prednisone [P = .017]; and -0.004 rise/s [98.3% CI, -0.03 to 0.02 rise/s] for daily prednisone vs daily deflazacort [P = .75]). The pairwise comparisons for forced vital capacity and TSQM global satisfaction subscale score were not statistically significant. The most common adverse events were abnormal behavior (22 [34%] in the daily prednisone group, 25 [38%] in the daily deflazacort group, and 24 [36%] in the intermittent prednisone group), upper respiratory tract infection (24 [37%], 19 [29%], and 24 [36%], respectively), and vomiting (19 [29%], 17 [26%], and 15 [23%]). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, treatment with daily prednisone or daily deflazacort, compared with intermittent prednisone alternating 10 days on and 10 days off, resulted in significant improvement over 3 years in a composite outcome comprising measures of motor function, pulmonary function, and satisfaction with treatment; there was no significant difference between the 2 daily corticosteroid regimens. The findings support the use of a daily corticosteroid regimen over the intermittent prednisone regimen tested in this study as initial treatment for boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01603407.

Health related quality of life in young, steroid-naïve boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Knowledge of health related quality of life (HRQOL) in the immediate phase following DMD diagnosis has not been well-characterized. It is important to understand HRQOL early in disease for both clinical care and studies of treatment. The relationship between parent-proxy and child self-report HRQOL and their associations with medical, psycho-social and behavioral symptoms deserve study. In this study HRQOL was measured using the PedsQL inventory in parent/caregiver and corticosteroid-naïve boys (ages 4 to 7 years) participating in the FOR-DMD study. Agreement between the parent-proxy report and the boys' self-report HRQOL was measured using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Factors associated with HRQOL, including standardized psychosocial and behavioral measures in this cross-sectional sample, were explored using correlations. The results showed that the level of agreement between 70 dyads of child self-report and parent-proxy ratings of HRQOL was poor for the generic PedsQL total score (ICC=0.48, 95% CI (0.23, 0.66)) and its subscale scores, and was similarly low for the neuromuscular disease module (ICC=0.24, 95% CI (0.00, 0.45)). Parents rated their child's HRQOL as poorer than the children rated themselves in all scales. Psychosocial outcome measures were more highly associated with HRQOL measures than disease severity or patient demographic variables. In the early phases of DMD, child and parent-proxy HRQOL ratings were discordant. In early DMD, psychosocial and behavioral aspects appear to be more relevant to HRQOL than disease severity factors.

Nusinersen Treatment in Adults With Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in motor and respiratory function after treatment with nusinersen in adults with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) during the first two years of commercial availability in the USA. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on adult (age >17 years at treatment initiation) SMA participants in the Pediatric Neuromuscular Clinical Research (PNCR) Network. Baseline assessments of SMA outcomes including the Expanded Hammersmith Functional Rating Scale (HFMSE), Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) occurred <5 months before treatment, and post-treatment assessments were made up to 24 months after nusinersen initation. Patient-reported experiences, safety laboratory tests and adverse events were monitored. The mean annual rate of change over time was determined for outcome measures using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS: Forty-two adult SMA participants (mean age: 34 years, range 17-66) receiving nusinersen for a mean of 12.5 months (range 3-24 months) were assessed. Several motor and respiratory measures showed improvement distinct from the progressive decline typically seen in untreated adults. Participants also reported qualitative improvements including muscle strength, stamina, breathing and bulbar related outcomes. All participants tolerated nusinersen with normal surveillance labs and no significant adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Trends of improvement emerged in functional motor, patient-reported, and respiratory measures, suggesting nusinersen may be efficacious in adults with SMA. Larger well-controlled studies and additional outcome measures are needed to firmly establish the efficacy of nusinersen in adults with SMA. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence regarding nusinersen tolerability and efficacy based on reported side effects and pulmonary and physical therapy assessments in an adult SMA cohort.

Psychometric properties of the PEDI-CAT for children and youth with spinal muscular atrophy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT) in children and youth with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, caregivers of children and youth with SMA completed the PEDI-CAT Daily Activities and Mobility domains. A subset of caregivers completed a questionnaire about the measure. RESULTS: Mean ranks of scaled scores for Daily Activities (n = 96) and Mobility (n = 95) domains were significantly different across the three SMA types and across the three motor classifications. Normative scores indicated that 85 participants (89.5%) had limitations in Mobility and 51 in Daily Activities (53.1%). Floor effects were observed in≤10.4% of the sample for Daily Activities and Mobility. On average, caregivers completed the Mobility domain in 5.4 minutes and the Daily Activities domain in 3.3 minutes. Most caregivers reported that they provided meaningful information (92.1%), were willing to use the PEDI-CAT format again (79%), and suggested adding content including power wheelchair mobility items. CONCLUSION: Convergent validity was demonstrated for the Daily Activities and Mobility domains. Normative scores detected limitations in Mobility and Daily Activity performance for most participants with SMA. The PEDI-CATwas feasible to administer and caregivers expressed willingness to complete the PEDI-CAT in the future.

Ankle bracing practices in ambulatory, corticosteroid-naive boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

INTRODUCTION: Loss of ambulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy presages scoliosis, respiratory failure, and death. Strategies to maintain ankle range of motion are employed, but little evidence exists to support these approaches and limited information is available concerning current practice. METHODS: In this study we assessed baseline bracing data from 187 boys participating in a multicenter, international clinical trial. RESULTS: Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) were recommended for 54% of the boys, with nighttime static AFOs and nighttime dynamic AFOs utilized in 94% and 6% of these boys, respectively. Daytime static AFOs were recommended for 3 boys. Compliance with bracing recommendations was 54% for nighttime static braces and 67% for nighttime dynamic braces. DISCUSSION: The basis for the variation in recommended AFO use is unknown and requires further study. Long-term follow-up of boys may permit assessment of the effects of AFO use.

Reproductive Cancer Risk Factors in Women With Myotonic Dystrophy (DM): Survey Data From the US and UK DM Registries.

Introduction: Recent evidence demonstrates that women with myotonic dystrophy type 1 are at increased risk of reproductive organ tumors. However, studies of reproductive cancer risk factors in those patients are lacking. Methods: Using questionnaires, we collected and analyzed personal history information related to cancer risk factors from women enrolled in a UK and US registry for myotonic dystrophy (dystrophia myotonica; DM) patients. Results: The survey was completed by 242 DM type 1 (DM1) and 44 DM type 2 (DM2) women enrolled in the UK Registry (N = 124) and the US National Registry (N = 162). The mean age at DM1 diagnosis was 33.8 years (standard deviation, SD = 13.2) and for DM2 was 49.2 (SD = 13.0). Mean age at survey was 48.7 (SD = 12.8) and 59.1 years (SD = 12.8) for DM1 and DM2, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between DM1 and DM2 regarding menstrual history or fertility-related factors. Yet, women with DM2 were more likely to have used menopausal hormone therapy (HT) than women with DM1 (52.3 vs. 22.1%, p < 0.0001), and more women with DM2 had a hysterectomy (53.5 vs. 29.5%, p < 0.01). These differences were not statistically significant after age adjustment (OR = 2.00, p = 0.08, and OR = 1.40, p = 0.38, respectively). The frequency of self-reported reproductive organ tumors was not significantly different comparing DM1 to DM2 (p = 0.28). However, the data suggested that women with DM2 appear to have a lower risk of malignant tumors compared to those with DM1 (OR = 0.72, p = 0.69). Discussion: Our study is the first to characterize a wide range of reproductive risk factors in women with DM. We observed no significant differences between DM1 and DM2 in the factors that were evaluated, which suggests that the known excesses of ovarian and endometrial cancer previously reported in women with DM1 cannot be attributed to greater prevalence of standard cancer-related reproductive risk factors. Larger studies evaluating the possible link between reproductive cancer risk factors and risk of tumors in women with DM are needed.

Patient-Reported Symptoms in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (PRISM-FSHD).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and relative importance of the most meaningful symptoms in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and to identify the demographic and clinical features that are associated with the greatest disease burden in this population. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study involving 328 participants with FSHD. Collectively, participants reported the prevalence and relative importance of 274 symptoms and 15 symptomatic themes. We assessed the association between symptomatic theme prevalence and participants' age, sex, disease duration, pain level, employment status, and education. RESULTS: Participants answered >48,000 questions regarding their disease burden. The symptomatic themes with the highest prevalence in our sample were problems with shoulders or arms (96.9%), limitations with activities (94.7%), core weakness (93.8%), fatigue (93.8%), limitations with mobility and walking (93.6%), changed body image due to the disease (91.6%), and pain (87.7%). Problems with shoulders and arms and limitations with mobility and walking had the greatest effect on participants' lives. Employment status and the report of pain had the most extensive association with the prevalence of symptoms, with employment being associated with 8 of 15 of the symptomatic themes and pain being associated with 7 of 15 of the symptomatic themes. Men and women with FSHD experienced a similar prevalence of all symptomatic themes. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with FSHD experience a variety of symptoms that play an important role in their disease burden. These symptoms have a variable prevalence and importance in the FSHD population and are associated with disease duration, employment status, and pain level.

A checklist for clinical trials in rare disease: obstacles and anticipatory actions-lessons learned from the FOR-DMD trial.

BACKGROUND: Trials in rare diseases have many challenges, among which are the need to set up multiple sites in different countries to achieve recruitment targets and the divergent landscape of clinical trial regulations in those countries. Over the past years, there have been initiatives to facilitate the process of international study set-up, but the fruits of these deliberations require time to be operationally in place. FOR-DMD (Finding the Optimum Steroid Regimen for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy) is an academic-led clinical trial which aims to find the optimum steroid regimen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for 5 years (July 2010 to June 2015), anticipating that all sites (40 across the USA, Canada, the UK, Germany and Italy) would be open to recruitment from July 2011. However, study start-up was significantly delayed and recruitment did not start until January 2013. METHOD: The FOR-DMD study is used as an example to identify systematic problems in the set-up of international, multi-centre clinical trials. The full timeline of the FOR-DMD study, from funding approval to site activation, was collated and reviewed. Systematic issues were identified and grouped into (1) study set-up, e.g. drug procurement; (2) country set-up, e.g. competent authority applications; and (3) site set-up, e.g. contracts, to identify the main causes of delay and suggest areas where anticipatory action could overcome these obstacles in future studies. RESULTS: Time from the first contact to site activation across countries ranged from 6 to 24 months. Reasons of delay were universal (sponsor agreement, drug procurement, budgetary constraints), country specific (complexity and diversity of regulatory processes, indemnity requirements) and site specific (contracting and approvals). The main identified obstacles included (1) issues related to drug supply, (2) NIH requirements regarding contracting with non-US sites, (3) differing regulatory requirements in the five participating countries, (4) lack of national harmonisation with contracting and the requirement to negotiate terms and contract individually with each site and (5) diversity of languages needed for study materials. Additionally, as with many academic-led studies, the FOR-DMD study did not have access to the infrastructure and expertise that a contracted research organisation could provide, organisations often employed in pharmaceutical-sponsored studies. This delay impacted recruitment, challenged the clinical relevance of the study outcomes and potentially delayed the delivery of the best treatment to patients. CONCLUSION: Based on the FOR-DMD experience, and as an interim solution, we have devised a checklist of steps to not only anticipate and minimise delays in academic international trial initiation but also identify obstacles that will require a concerted effort on the part of many stakeholders to mitigate.

Electrical impedance myography in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: A 1-year follow-up study.

INTRODUCTION: Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is a noninvasive technique for measuring muscle composition and a potential physiological biomarker for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). METHODS: Thirty-two participants with genetically confirmed and clinically affected FSHD underwent EIM in 7 muscles bilaterally. Correlations between EIM and baseline clinical measures were used to select EIM variables of interest in FSHD, and EIM and clinical measures were followed for 1 year. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in the EIM variables. Although 50-kHZ reactance correlated the strongest with clinical measures at baseline, the 50-211-kHZ phase ratio demonstrated lower within-subject 12-month variability, potentially offering sample size savings for FSHD clinical trial planning. DISCUSSION: EIM did not identify significant disease progression over 12 months. It is currently unclear whether this is because of limitations of the technology or the slow rate of disease progression in this cohort of FSHD patients over this period of time. Muscle Nerve 58: 213-218, 2018.

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy functional composite outcome measure.

INTRODUCTION: We developed an evaluator-administered functional facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy composite outcome measure (FSHD-COM) comprising patient-identified areas of functional burden for future clinical trials. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study of 41 patients with FSHD at 2 sites. The FSHD-COM includes functional assessment of the legs, shoulders and arms, trunk, hands, and balance/mobility. We determined the test-retest reliability and convergent validity compared to established FSHD disease metrics. RESULTS: The FSHD-COM demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.96; subscale ICC range, 0.90-0.94). Cross-sectional associations between the FSHD-COM and disease duration, clinical severity, and strength were moderate to strong (Pearson correlation coefficient range |0.51-0.92|). DISCUSSION: The FSHD-COM is a disease-relevant, functional composite outcome measure suitable for future FSHD clinical trials that shows excellent test-retest reliability and cross-sectional associations to disease measures. Future directions include determining multisite reliability, sensitivity to change, and the minimal clinically important change in the FSHD-COM. Muscle Nerve, 2018.

High frequency of gastrointestinal manifestations in myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations, their progression over time, and medications being used to treat GI symptoms in a large cohort of patients with myotonic dystrophy types 1 (DM1) and 2 (DM2). METHODS: We analyzed patient-reported data and medical records in a national registry cohort at baseline and 5 years. RESULTS: At baseline, the majority of patients reported trouble swallowing in DM1 (55%; n = 499 of 913) and constipation in DM2 (53%; n = 96 of 180). Cholecystectomy occurred in 16.5% of patients with DM1 and 12.8% of patients with DM2, on average before 45 years of age. The use of medications indicated for gastroesophageal reflux disease was reported by 22.5% of DM1 and 18.9% of patients with DM2. Greater risk of a GI manifestation was associated with higher body mass index and longer disease duration in DM1 and female sex in DM2. At the 5-year follow-up, the most common new manifestations were trouble swallowing in patients with DM1 and constipation in patients with DM2. CONCLUSIONS: GI manifestations were common in both DM1 and DM2, with a relatively high frequency of gallbladder removal in DM1 and DM2 occurring at a younger age compared to normative data in the literature. Studies are needed to determine the pathomechanism of how sex, weight gain, and duration of disease contribute to GI manifestations and how these manifestations affect quality of life and clinical care for patients with DM1 and DM2.

Developing standardized corticosteroid treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Despite corticosteroids being the only treatment documented to improve strength and function in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) corticosteroid prescription is inconsistent and in some countries, corticosteroids are not prescribed. We are conducting a clinical trial that (1) compares the 3 most frequently prescribed corticosteroid regimes; (2) standardizes treatment of DMD complications; and (3) standardizes prevention of corticosteroid side effects. Investigators at 38 sites in 5 countries plan to recruit 300 boys aged 4-7 who are randomly assigned to one of three regimens: daily prednisone; daily deflazacort; or intermittent prednisone (10days on/10days off). Boys are followed for a minimum of 3years to assess the relative effectiveness and adverse event profiles of the different regimens. The primary outcome is a 3-dimensional variable consisting of log-transformed time to rise from the floor, forced vital capacity, and subject/parent satisfaction with treatment, each averaged over all post-baseline visits. The study protocol includes evidence- and consensus-based treatment of DMD complications and of corticosteroid side effects. This study seeks to establish a standard corticosteroid regimen for DMD. Since all new interventions for DMD are being developed as add-on therapies to corticosteroids, defining the optimum regimen is of importance for all new treatments.

Rasch analysis of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-computer adaptive test (PEDI-CAT) item bank for children and young adults with spinal muscular atrophy.

INTRODUCTION: In this study we evaluated the suitability of a caregiver-reported functional measure, the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT), for children and young adults with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS: PEDI-CAT Mobility and Daily Activities domain item banks were administered to 58 caregivers of children and young adults with SMA. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate test properties across SMA types. RESULTS: Unidimensional content for each domain was confirmed. The PEDI-CAT was most informative for type III SMA, with ability levels distributed close to 0.0 logits in both domains. It was less informative for types I and II SMA, especially for mobility skills. Item and person abilities were not distributed evenly across all types. CONCLUSIONS: The PEDI-CAT may be used to measure functional performance in SMA, but additional items are needed to identify small changes in function and best represent the abilities of all types of SMA. Muscle Nerve 54: 1097-1107, 2016.

Electrical impedance myography in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

INTRODUCTION: In this study we determined the reliability and validity of electrical impedance myography (EIM) in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). METHODS: We performed a prospective study of EIM on 16 bilateral limb and trunk muscles in 35 genetically defined and clinically affected FSHD patients (reliability testing on 18 patients). Summary scores based on body region were derived. Reactance and phase (50 and 100 kHz) were compared with measures of strength, FSHD disease severity, and functional outcomes. RESULTS: Participants were mostly men, mean age 53.0 years, and included a full range of severity. Limb and trunk muscles showed good to excellent reliability [intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) 0.72-0.99]. Summary scores for the arm, leg, and trunk showed excellent reliability (ICC 0.89-0.98). Reactance was the most sensitive EIM parameter to a broad range of FSHD disease metrics. CONCLUSIONS: EIM is a reliable measure of muscle composition in FSHD that offers the possibility to serially evaluate affected muscles. Muscle Nerve 54: 696-701, 2016.

Spinal muscular atrophy functional composite score: A functional measure in spinal muscular atrophy.

INTRODUCTION: With clinical trials underway, our objective was to construct a composite score of global function that could discriminate among people with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS: Data were collected from 126 participants with SMA types 2 and 3. Scores from the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expanded and Upper Limb Module were expressed as a percentage of the maximum score and 6-minute walk test as percent of predicted normal distance. A principal component analysis was performed on the correlation matrix for the 3 percentage scores. RESULTS: The first principal component yielded a composite score with approximately equal weighting of the 3 components and accounted for 82% of the total variability. The SMA functional composite score, an unweighted average of the 3 individual percentage scores, correlated almost perfectly with the first principal component. CONCLUSIONS: This combination of measures broadens the spectrum of ability that can be quantified in type 2 and 3 SMA patients.

Observational study of spinal muscular atrophy type I and implications for clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES: Prospective cohort study to characterize the clinical features and course of spinal muscular atrophy type I (SMA-I). METHODS: Patients were enrolled at 3 study sites and followed for up to 36 months with serial clinical, motor function, laboratory, and electrophysiologic outcome assessments. Intervention was determined by published standard of care guidelines. Palliative care options were offered. RESULTS: Thirty-four of 54 eligible subjects with SMA-I (63%) enrolled and 50% of these completed at least 12 months of follow-up. The median age at reaching the combined endpoint of death or requiring at least 16 hours/day of ventilation support was 13.5 months (interquartile range 8.1-22.0 months). Requirement for nutritional support preceded that for ventilation support. The distribution of age at reaching the combined endpoint was similar for subjects with SMA-I who had symptom onset before 3 months and after 3 months of age (p=0.58). Having 2 SMN2 copies was associated with greater morbidity and mortality than having 3 copies. Baseline electrophysiologic measures indicated substantial motor neuron loss. By comparison, subjects with SMA-II who lost sitting ability (n=10) had higher motor function, motor unit number estimate and compound motor action potential, longer survival, and later age when feeding or ventilation support was required. The mean rate of decline in The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test for Neuromuscular Disorders motor function scale was 1.27 points/year (95% confidence interval 0.21-2.33, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Infants with SMA-I can be effectively enrolled and retained in a 12-month natural history study until a majority reach the combined endpoint. These outcome data can be used for clinical trial design.