ABSTRACT
Bacterial proliferation was evaluated in single-dose medications used in a multi-dose fashion and when medications were intentionally inoculated with bacteria. Of 5 experimentally punctured medications, 1 of 75 vials (50% dextrose) became contaminated. When intentionally inoculated, hydroxyethyl starch and heparinized saline supported microbial growth. Based on these findings, it is recommended that hydroxyethyl starch and heparinized saline not be used in a multi-dose fashion.
Évaluation de la stérilité des médicaments à dose unique utilisés pour plusieurs doses. On a évalué la prolifération bactérienne dans les médicaments à dose unique utilisés pour plusieurs doses et lorsque les médicaments sont intentionnellement inoculés avec des bactéries. Parmi les cinq médicaments ayant subi une ponction expérimentale, 1 des 75 flacons (50 % dextrose) a été contaminé. Lorsqu'ils étaient inoculés intentionnellement, l'hydroxyéthylcellulose et le soluté physiologique hépariné supportaient la croissance microbienne. En se basant sur ces résultats, il est recommandé que l'hydroxyéthylcellulose et le soluté physiologique hépariné ne soient pas utilisés pour plusieurs doses.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Subject(s)
Dosage Forms , Drug Contamination , Infusions, Parenteral/veterinary , Veterinary Drugs , Animals , Drug Packaging , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/growth & development , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & developmentABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To identify dogs and cats with baclofen toxicosis and characterize the patient population, clinical signs, and outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 140 dogs and 5 cats with baclofen toxicosis. PROCEDURES: An animal poison control center electronic database was reviewed from November 2004 through April 2010 to identify dogs and cats with baclofen toxicosis. Information on signalment, clinical signs, and amount of baclofen ingested was obtained. Clinical signs were categorized as CNS, gastrointestinal, general malaise, cardiovascular, respiratory, or urogenital. Follow-up communications were performed to determine overall outcome. RESULTS: Dogs had a median age of 0.67 years (range, 0.1 to 15 years) and cats of 1 year (range, 0.7 to 16 years). Of 145 patients, 133 (92%) developed clinical signs of baclofen toxicosis. A total of 259 signs fell within defined categories: CNS (121/259 [46.7%]), gastrointestinal (69/259 [26.6%]), general malaise (27/259 [10.4%]), cardiovascular (23/259 [8.9%]), respiratory (14/259 [5.4%]), and urogenital (5/259 [1.9%]). For 68 dogs with known survival status, survival rate was 83.8% (57/68); of these dogs, the amount of baclofen ingested was known for 53 (46 survivors and 7 nonsurvivors). Amount of baclofen ingested was significantly lower in survivor dogs (median, 4.2 mg/kg [1.91 mg/lb]; range, 0.61 to 61 mg/kg [0.28 to 27.7 mg/lb]), compared with nonsurvivor dogs (median, 14 mg/kg [6.4 mg/lb]; range, 2.3 to 52.3 mg/kg [1.04 to 23.77 mg/lb]. Of 5 cats, 2 survived, 1 died, and 2 had unknown outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinical signs of baclofen toxicosis occurred in most patients, with the CNS being the system most commonly affected.
Subject(s)
Baclofen/poisoning , Cat Diseases/chemically induced , Dog Diseases/chemically induced , Muscle Relaxants, Central/poisoning , Animals , Cats , Dogs , Female , Male , Poison Control Centers , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the signalment, clinical signs observed, time to onset of clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, and the outcome in a large case series of nonbenzodiazepine sleep aid ingestions in dogs, including 2 sleep aids that have not been previously described in the veterinary literature. DESIGN: Retrospective study conducted between 2004 and 2010. SETTING: An animal poison control center based out of Bloomington, MN. ANIMALS: During this time frame, 453 cases were identified involving 467 dogs. Of these cases, 150 cases were excluded due to incomplete medical records, multipet households, or the inability to calculate a dose exposure. A total of 317 dogs with presumed sleep aid medication toxicosis were included. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Records of dogs with sleep aid medication toxicosis identified by a review of an animal poison control center electronic database were evaluated. The most common sleep aid medications ingested were zolpidem (240/317 [75.7%]), eszopiclone (62/317 [19.5%]), and zaleplon (15/317 [4.7%]). Overall, clinical signs developed in 36% of patients (115/317), while 64% (202/317) remained asymptomatic. The most common organ systems affected and clinical signs seen involved the central nervous system (eg, agitation, sedation) and gastrointestinal tract (eg, anorexia, hypersalivation, vomiting). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the prognosis for dogs with sleep aid medication toxicosis was excellent, and no fatalities were reported in this clinical population. As significant clinical signs can still be seen with ingestion, appropriate decontamination is warranted in asymptomatic patients via emesis or gastric lavage, followed by activated charcoal administration. Symptomatic patients should be hospitalized for monitoring and supportive care for a minimum of 12 hours or until clinical signs resolve.
