ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Approximately 70-85% of transitional bladder cell carcinomas are non-muscle-invasive. After an initial surgery, around 60-90% will have a recurrence, being the highest risk period the first two years. Urothelium instability could be the main reason for recurrence in mid grade tumours, reason why a single dose of a chemotherapy after transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) might be insufficient. That is why a deferred therapy in occasions associated with maintenance is recommended. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, controlled and randomized study was performed. We included non-muscle-invasive mid risk bladder tumours. All patients had initially a TURB performed and were randomized to receive a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC), in the immediate postoperative period. RESULTS: A total of 105 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 22, 70 +/- 8, 15 months. MMC was administered to 53 patients. Of these 66, 0% had no recurrence and 34.0% had a non-muscle-invasive recurrence. Of the 52 patients in the non MMC group, 53.8% had no recurrence and 44.2% had a non-muscle-invasive recurrence and only 1 patient had a muscle-invasive progression. We did not find significantly differences in time to recurrence in mid risk tumours when using immediate postoperative single dose of MMC or deferred therapy. There was only one case of myelosuppression. DISCUSSION: In mid risk non-muscle-invasive tumors, some studies suggest that early intravesical instillation of chemotherapy reduces the risk of recurrence after TURB. We could not show significantly differences when comparing postoperatorive MMC versus traditional deferred instillations.
Subject(s)
Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/surgery , Mitomycin/therapeutic use , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/surgery , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Introducción: Aproximadamente del 70-85% de los carcinomas de células transicionales de vejiga no invaden la muscular propia. La recidiva después de la cirugía se cifra en un 60-90% de pacientes, siendo el periodo de alto riesgo los dos primeros años. La causa fundamental de recidiva en tumores de riesgo intermedio podría ser la inestabilidad del urotelio, por lo que la instilación única de un quimioterápico después de la RTU podría considerarse insuficiente, recomendándose un tratamiento diferido asociado con mantenimiento en algunos casos. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, controlado y randomizado. Sólo se incluyeron pacientes con tumores vesicales no músculo-invasores de grado intermedio. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos inicialmente a RTU y posteriormente randomizados para recibir Mitomicina C (MMC) postoperatoria en dosis única. Resultados: Se incluyeron 105 pacientes. La media de seguimiento fue de 22,70±8,15 meses. Se administró MMC en 53pacientes, de los cuales el 66% no recidivó y el 34% lo hicieron como tumor vesical no invasor. De los 52 pacientes que no recibieron MMC, el 53,8% no recidivaron, el 44,2% recidivaron como tumor no invasor y sólo un caso recurrió como tumor invasor.En cuanto al tiempo libre de enfermedad, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los que se empleó MMC postoperatoriao tratamiento diferido. Sólo existió un caso de mielosupresión. Discusión: En tumores no músculo invasores de medio riesgo, diversos estudios sugieren que una instilación intravesical inmediata de un quimioterápico disminuye el riesgo de recidiva después de la RTU. No hemos logrado demostrar diferencias significativas al comparar la MMC postoperatoria frente a las instilaciones diferidas tradicionales (AU)
Introduction: Approximately 70-85% of transitional bladder cell carcinomas are non-muscle-invasive. After an initial surgery, around 60-90% will have a recurrence, being the highest risk period the first two years. Urothelium instability could be the main reason for recurrence in mid grade tumours, reason why a single dose of a chemotherapy after transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) might be insufficient. That is why a deferred therapy in occasions associated with maintenance is recommended. Patients and methods: A prospective, controlled and randomized study was performed. We included non-muscle-invasive midrisk bladder tumours. All patients had initially a TURB performed and were randomized to receive a single dose of mitomycin C (MMC), in the immediate postoperative period. Results: A total of 105 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 22, 70±8, 15 months. MMC was administered to 53patients. Of these 66, 0% had no recurrence and 34,0% had a non-muscle-invasive recurrence. Of the 52 patients in the non MMC group, 53,8% had no recurrence and 44,2% had a non-muscle-invasive recurrence and only 1 patient had a muscle invasive progression. We did not find significantly differences in time to recurrence in mid risk tumours when using immediate postoperative single dose of MMC or deferred therapy. There was only one case of myelosuppression. Discussion: In mid risk non-muscle-invasive tumors, some studies suggest that early intravesical instillation of chemotherapy reduces the risk of recurrence after TURB. We could not show significantly differences when comparing postoperatorive MMC versus traditional deferred instillations (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Male , Female , Mitomycin/therapeutic use , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/surgery , Administration, Intravesical , Cystoscopy/methods , Cystoscopy/statistics & numerical data , Prospective Studies , Instillation, Drug , Postoperative Care , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Objetivo: Presentar un caso de metástasis ovárica secundaria a un carcinoma de células claras renal. Método/Resultados: Mujer de 52 años que consultó por metrorragias siendo inicialmente diagnosticada de carcinoma primario de ovario. En los estudios de extensión se informa de masa renal sugestiva de metástasis ovárica. La intervención quirúrgica consistió en histerectomía con doble anexectomía y nefrectomía radical. El diagnóstico final fue de carcinoma de células claras renal con metástasis ovárica. Conclusión: Las metástasis tumorales en el ovario presentan un problema diagnóstico en su interpretación, especialmente cuando las metástasis presentan una histología similar al primario de ovario. Debido a las implicaciones terapéuticas y pronósticas es muy importante diferenciar si se trata de un tumor ovárico primario o un metástasis de un carcinoma renal (AU)
Objective: We report one case of ovarian metastasis secondary to a renal clear cell carcinoma. Methods/Results: 52-year-old consulting for metrorrhagia with the initial diagnosis of primary ovarian carcinoma. Tumor dissemination work up tests reported a renal mass suggestive of ovarian metastasis. Surgery included hysterectomy, double annexectomy, and radical nephrectomy. Final diagnosis was renal clear cell carcinoma with ovarian metastasis. Conclusions: Metastases to the ovary pose a diagnostic problem in their interpretation, especially when they show a similar histology to the primary ovarian tumor. Due to therapeutic and prognostic implications, it is very important to differentiate if it is a primary ovarian tumor or a metastasis from a renal carcinoma (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/complications , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnosis , Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis , Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Neoplasm Metastasis/diagnosis , Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology , Tomography, Emission-Computed/methodsABSTRACT
Objetivos: Valorar el uso del ácido zoledrómico en el control del dolor de las metástasis óseas en el cáncer de próstata, así como estudiar su seguridad y efectos secundarios. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron en el estudio 37 pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados de cáncer de próstata con metástasis óseas entre los años 2005 y 2006 a los que se administró una dosis de 4 mg de Zometa(R) mensual durante una media de 10,24 meses, recogiéndose unos datos según un protocolo establecido. Resultados: En cuanto al control del dolor, observamos como en 8 de los 20 pacientes a los que se les administró Zometa(R), el control fue absoluto, en 6 de estos se consiguió un control parcialmente bueno (permitiendo una buena actividad diaria), en 4 el control fue parcialmente malo (empeorando su calidad de vida), mientras que 2 pacientes presentaron mal control del dolor. Respecto a los efectos adversos del Zometa(R), no observamos ningún efecto secundario en ninguno de nuestros pacientes ni durante la inyección del fármaco ni posteriormente, si bien en 2 pacientes se suspendió el tratamiento por su mal estado general. Conclusiones: El futuro de este tratamiento reside en saber si la administración precoz de este fármaco puede prevenir o retrasar la aparición de las metástasis, (merced a su actividad antitumoral demostrada), no sólo en las debidas al cáncer de próstata si no también a metástasis óseas secundarias a otros tumores genito-urinarios
Objectives: To probe the use of Zoledromic acid in the control of the pain due to bone methastasis of a prostate cancer. Material and method: We included in our study 37 consecutive patients diagnosed of prostate cancer who developed bone methastasis during 2005 and 2006 to whom we gave a 4 mg dose of Zoledromic acid during a mean time of 10.24 months. Results: We observed a complete control of the pain in 8 of the 20 patients, and partially in 6 of those patients. We did not evaluate any adverse reaction due to this treatment. Conclusions: We still yet to know whether the administration of this treatment in the early stages of the prostate cancer could prevent or retard the appearance of bone methastasis
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Pain/diagnosis , Pain/drug therapy , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods , Prostatectomy/methods , Diphosphonates/metabolism , Diphosphonates/pharmacokinetics , Diphosphonates/therapeutic use , Prostatic Neoplasms/complications , Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/trends , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Osteoclasts , Bone Resorption/diagnosis , Bone Resorption/drug therapySubject(s)
Colon, Sigmoid/surgery , Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology , Ureterostomy/adverse effects , Aged , Humans , Male , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To probe the use of Zoledromic acid in the control of the pain due to bone methastasis of a prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We included in our study 37 consecutive patients diagnosed of prostate cancer who developed bone methastasis during 2005 and 2006 to whom we gave a 4 mg dose of Zoledromic acid during a mean time of 10.24 months. RESULTS: We observed a complete control of the pain in 8 of the 20 patients, and partially in 6 of those patients. We did not evaluate any adverse reaction due to this treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We still yet to know whether the administration of this treatment in the early stages of the prostate cancer could prevent or retard the appearance of bone methastasis.
Subject(s)
Bone Density Conservation Agents/therapeutic use , Bone Neoplasms/complications , Bone Neoplasms/secondary , Diphosphonates/therapeutic use , Imidazoles/therapeutic use , Pain/drug therapy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Pain/etiology , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Zoledronic AcidABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To report to the literature a new case of primary psoas abscess. METHODS: The patient is a 65 years old woman who suffered back and left hip pain for approximately 1 month. A CTA showed a retroperitoneal mass that involved the left Psoas. It was drained 1800 cc of purulent fluid infected by Streptococo pneumoniae. RESULTS: In a CTA made 21 days after drainage, showed a very small residual collection. CONCLUSIONS: Primary Psoas Abscess are a very rare entity, with a low rate of mortatility if well treated.
Subject(s)
Pneumococcal Infections , Psoas Abscess , Aged , Drainage , Female , Humans , Pneumococcal Infections/diagnostic imaging , Pneumococcal Infections/therapy , Psoas Abscess/diagnostic imaging , Psoas Abscess/therapy , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Introducción y objetivos: Aportar a la literatura un nuevo caso de absceso primario de Psoas, con afectación también del Cuadrado Lumbar. Métodos: La paciente es una mujer de 65 años que consultó por dolor en fosa renal izquierda y en cadera izquierda de 1 mes de evolución. En TAC se objetivó la presencia de una masa retroperitoneal con componente quístico que infiltraba el Músculo Psoas y el Músculo Cuadrado Lumbar. Se drenó obteniéndose 1800 cc de material purulento, aislándose en él un Streptotococo pneumoniae. Resultados: En TAC de control 21 días después de su drenaje, presentaba una mínima colección en pelvis menor. Conclusión: Los Abscesos primarios de Psoas son una entidad poco frecuente y con una baja tasa de mortalidad si se realiza un tratamiento adecuado
Introduction and objectives: To report to the literature a new case of primary psoas abscess. Methods: The patient is a 65 years old woman who suffered back and left hip pain for approximately 1 month. A CTA showed a retroperitoneal mass that involved the left Psoas. It was drained 1800 cc of purulent fluid infected by Streptococo pneumoniae. Results: In a CTA made 21 days after drainage, showed a very small residual collection. Conclusions: Primary Psoas Abscess are a very rare entity, with a low rate of mortatility if well treated
Subject(s)
Female , Aged , Humans , Psoas Abscess/microbiology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/pathogenicity , Pneumococcal Infections/complications , Drainage , Flank Pain/etiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We present a new case of trombosis of the superficial dorsal penis vein called Penile Mondor's disease. The characteristics of the disease are reviewed and the most usual diagnostic and therapeutic methods. METHODS: The case of a 41 year old man is reviewed who consulted for pain and induration on the proximal part of the penis. RESULTS: After phisical examination and Eco-doppler was made the diagnosis of Mondor's disease. He receibed treatment with non steroidal antiinflamatories and antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The dorsal vein thrombosis is a rare disease with pain an induration of the dorsal part of the penis. The ethiology can be traumatic, neoplasic, excesive sexual activity or abstinence. Is necesary the diferencial diagnosis with esclerosant linphangitis and the most important imaging is the Eco-doppler. The treatment is based in non steroidal antiinflamatories and antibiotics wit infection. The local aplication of heparine can be useful and the surgery with thrombectomy and resection is for persistent cases.
Subject(s)
Penis/blood supply , Thrombophlebitis , Adult , Humans , Male , Thrombophlebitis/diagnosis , Thrombophlebitis/drug therapyABSTRACT
La infertilidad, entendiendo ésta como la que padece una pareja que, tras un año de relaciones sin tomar medidas de protección, no consigue un embarazo, afecta aproximadamente al 15% de parejas. La importancia del factor masculino como causa de infertilidad puede llegar a suponer el 50% del total de consultas. Entre las múltiples causas de infertilidad masculina se encuentran los problemas obstructivos de la vía seminal, el fallo testicular primario, el varicocele, las infecciones urogenitales o los disturbios endocrinos entre otros. Pero existe también un porcentaje de varones en los que no se encuentra una causa específica de infertilidad, estando en muchos de estos casos implicados un problema genético o inmunológico. En este trabajo revisamos las causas más frecuentes exponiendo de manera esquemática su etiología, anamnesis, exploraciones y tratamiento recomendados
Infertility, understanding this as that suffered by a couple who, after one year of relationships without using any protection measures, does not achieve pregnancy, affects approximately 15% of couples. The importance of the masculine factor as cause of infertility can reach 50% of all the consultations. Among the multiple causes of masculine infertility are the obstructive problems of the seminal duct, primary testicular failure, varicocele, urogenital infections or endocrine disorders, among others. However, there is also a percentage of men in whom no specific cause of infertility is found, a genetic or immunological problem being involved in many of these cases. In this paper, we review the most frequent causes, presenting its etiology, anamnesis, recommended examinations and treatment schematically
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Infertility, Male , Infertility, Male/diagnosis , Infertility, Male/etiology , Infertility, Male/therapy , Reference Values , PrognosisABSTRACT
Objetivo: Presentamos un nuevo caso de trombosis de la vena dorsal superficial del pene o flebitis de Mondor. Revisamos las características de la enfermedad y los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos actuales. Métodos: Revisamos el caso de un varón de 41 años que consultó por dolor e induración dorsal del pene. Resultados: Después de realizar exploración física y Eco-doppler fue diagnosticado de Trombosis de la vena dorsal superficial o flebitis de Mondor. Recibió tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y antibióticos experimentando mejoría clínica. Conclusiones: La trombosis de la vena dorsal del pene es una rara entidad que cursa con dolor e induración dorsal, la etiología puede ser traumática, neoplásica, por excesiva actividad sexual o prolongada abstinencia. Puede cursar de forma aguda, subaguda o crónica. Es necesario realizar diagnóstico diferencial con la linfangitis esclerosante, el estudio de imagen ideal es el Eco-doppler y el tratamiento se basa en antiinflamatorios y antibióticos en caso de infección. Pueden ser útiles sustancias heparinizantes locales reservándose el manejo quirúrgico con trombectomía o resección de la vena dorsal para casos persistentes
Objective: We present a new case of trombosis of the superficial dorsal penis vein called Penile Mondor´s disease. The characteristics of the disease are reviewed and the most usual diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Methods: The case of a 41 year old man is reviewed who consulted for pain and induration on the proximal part of the penis. Results: After phisical examination and Eco-doppler was made the diagnosis of Mondor´s disease. He receibed treatment with non steroidal antiinflamatories and antibiotics. Conclusions: The dorsal vein thrombosis is a rare disease with pain an induration of the dorsal part of the penis. The ethiology can be traumatic, neoplasic, excesive sexual activity or abstinence. Is necesary the diferencial diagnosis with esclerosant linphangitis and the most important imaging is the Eco-doppler. The treatment is based in non steroidal antiinflamatories and antibiotics wit infection. The local aplication of heparine can be useful and the surgery with thrombectomy and resection is for persistent cases
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Venous Thrombosis/physiopathology , Penile Diseases/physiopathology , Penile Induration/etiology , Lymphangitis/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Heparin/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic useABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the current situation of penile prosthesis in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and to analyze the indications, degree of acceptability and complications in our experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1984 to 2003, 48 implants were inserted in men suffering from impotence due to different etiologies. The mean age was 55 years. Vascular disease, Diabetes and pelvic surgery were the most common pathologies recorded. The type of prothesis inserted were malleable inactive in 7 cases (14.58%), Jonas6, Acu-form1. Inflable active with 3 components in 19 cases (39.58%), AMS 700 plus17, Alpha2. Inflable active integrated in 5 cases (10.41%) Hydroflex4, Dynaflex1. Inflable active with 2 components in 17 cases (35.4%), Ambicor2, Mark II15. RESULTS: Infection of the prosthesis was observed in 6.25% of the cases. This infectious complication required removal of the prosthesis. 4.16% of the cases complained of mechanical failure that required change of the prosthesis. 80% of the patients were satisfied with the results. CONCLUSIONS: Penile prostheses continue to be an effective and valid therapeutic alternative in impotent. Although the complication rate is low, adequate information must be provided to the patient.
Subject(s)
Erectile Dysfunction/surgery , Penile Prosthesis , Adult , Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Penile Prosthesis/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications/epidemiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar la situación actual de las prótesis de pene en el tratamiento de la disfunción eréctil; así como analizar las indicaciones, el grado de aceptabilidad y las complicaciones en nuestra experiencia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Entre 1984 y 2003 implantamos 48 prótesis de pene en varones con edad media de 55 años. Los antecedentes patológicos más frecuentes fueron: enfermedad vascular, diabetes mellitus y cirugía pélvica. El tipo de prótesis utilizada fue inactiva maleable en 7 casos (14,58%), Jonas6, Acu-form1. Activa inflable o hidráulica de 3 componentes en 19 casos (39,58%), AMS 700 plus17, Alpha2. Activa inflable, integrada o autocontenida en 5 casos (10,41%), Hydroflex4, Dynaflex1. Activa inflable de 2 piezas en 17 casos (35,4%), Ambicor2, Mark II15. RESULTADOS: El 6,25% presentó infección protésica que obligó a retirar el implante, y el 4,16% complicaciones mecánicas. El 80% de los pacientes se mostraron satisfechos con la prótesis. CONCLUSIONES: Las prótesis peneanas continúan siendo una alternativa válida y eficaz en el tratamiento del varón con disfunción eréctil, presentando un bajo índice de complicaciones
INTRODUCTION AND OBJETIVES: The aim of this study was to review the current situation of penile prosthesis in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and to analyze the indications, degree of acceptability and complications in oir experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1984 to 2003, 48 implants were inserted in men suffering from impotence due to different etiologies. The mean age was 55 years. Vascular disease, Diabetes and pelvic surgery were the most common pathologies recorded. The type of prothesis inserted were malleable inactive in 7 cases (14.58%), Jonas6, Acu-form1. Inflable active with 3 components in 19 cases (39.58%), AMS 700 plus17, Alpha2. Inflable active integrated in 5 cases (10.41%) Hydroflex4, Dynaflex1. Inflable active with 2 components in 17 cases (35.4%), Ambicor2, Mark II15. RESULTS: Infection of the prosthesis was observed in 6.25% of the cases. This infectious complication required removal of the prosthesis. 4.16% of the cases complained of mechanical failure that required change of the prosthesis. 80% of the patients were satisfied with the results. CONCLUSIONS: Penile prostheses continue to be an effective and valid therapeutic alternative in impotent. Although the complication rate is low, adequate information must be provided to the patient
Subject(s)
Male , Middle Aged , Humans , Erectile Dysfunction/complications , Erectile Dysfunction/surgery , Prostheses and Implants , Penile Prosthesis , Prostatectomy/methods , Vasodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Intraoperative Complications/diagnosis , Penile Prosthesis/classification , Penile Prosthesis/trends , Prostatectomy/trends , Transurethral Resection of Prostate/methods , Urinary Tract Infections/complications , Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosis , Postoperative Complications/diagnosis , Ampicillin/therapeutic use , Penis/pathology , Penis/surgeryABSTRACT
Reports on primary renal lymphoma are scarce in the urological literature, the most part of them are secondary on a lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys. We report the case of a 77 year old man with an incidental mass on the kidney. After radiological studies (CT), we practise nephrectomy with a pathological result of a non-Hodgking B primary lymphoma. The patient present a IgM monoclonal gammapathy who need complementary treatment with chemotherapy. A literature review on currently recommended diagnostic and treatment practices in presented.
Subject(s)
Immunoglobulin M , Kidney Neoplasms/complications , Lymphoma, B-Cell/complications , Paraproteinemias/complications , Aged , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Son infrecuentes los casos de linfoma renal primario, ya que la afectación renal por un proceso linfoproliferativo es, por lo general, secundaria a una enfermedad sistémica. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 77 años que acude por hallazgo ecográfico incidental de una masa en su riñón izquierdo. Después de realizar estudios (TC), se practica nefrectomía cuyo resultado anatomopatológico fue de linfoma no-hodking B primario renal. Asimismo el paciente presentaba una gammapatía monoclonal IgM asociada, por lo que precisó tratamiento quimioterápico sistémico. Realizamos una revisión bibliográfica centrándonos en los criterios diagnósticos y terapéuticos actuales (AU)
Reports on primary renal lymphoma are scarce in the urological literature, the most part of them are secondary on a lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys. We report the case of a 77 year old man with an incidental mass on the kidney. After radiological studies (CT), we practise nephrectomy with a pathological result of a non-hodking B primary lymphoma. The patient present a IgM monoclonal gammapathy who need complementary treatment with chemotherapy. A literature review on currently recommended diagnostic and treatment practices in presented (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Paraproteinemias/complications , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complicationsABSTRACT
Presentamos el caso de un varón azoospérmico estudiado por infertilidad. Entre las causas de azoospermias u oligozoospermias severas detectadas en estudios por infertilidad en varones, se encuentran las causadas por microdeleciones del brazo largo del cromosoma Y, como en este caso. Mediante estudios con técnicas de PCR se demuestra la existencia de regiones en el cromosoma Y, donde se encuentran los genes responsables de la espermatogénesis. Hombres con azoospermia presentarán alto riesgo de tener microdeleciones en estas regiones Ya con las técnicas de ICSI (inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides), estos pacientes podrán transmitir a la descendencia estas deleciones, con lo cual, el consejo genético es fundamental. Por lo tanto el estudio de microdeleciones debería ser considerado en varones infértiles severos (AU)
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