ABSTRACT
One of the attractive properties of artemisinins is their extremely fast-killing capability, quickly relieving malaria symptoms. Nevertheless, the unique benefits of these medicines are now compromised by the prolonged parasite clearance times and the increasing frequency of treatment failures, attributed to the increased tolerance of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin. This emerging artemisinin resistance threatens to undermine the effectiveness of antimalarial combination therapies. Herein, we describe the medicinal chemistry efforts focused on a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor scaffold, leading to the identification of novel chemical entities with very potent, similar to artemisinins, fast-killing potency against asexual blood stages that cause disease, and activity against gametocyte activation that is required for transmission. Furthermore, we confirm that selective PKG inhibitors have a slow speed of kill, while chemoproteomic analysis suggests for the first time serine/arginine protein kinase 2 (SRPK2) targeting as a novel strategy for developing antimalarial compounds with extremely fast-killing properties.
Subject(s)
Antimalarials/pharmacology , Artemisinins/chemistry , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Antimalarials/chemistry , Antimalarials/metabolism , Artemisinins/metabolism , Artemisinins/pharmacology , Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics , Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism , ERG1 Potassium Channel/antagonists & inhibitors , ERG1 Potassium Channel/metabolism , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development , Protozoan Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Protozoan Proteins/genetics , Protozoan Proteins/metabolism , Solubility , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
Since the appearance of resistance to the current front-line antimalarial treatments, ACTs (artemisinin combination therapies), the discovery of novel chemical entities to treat the disease is recognized as a major global health priority. From the GSK antimalarial set, we identified an aminoxadiazole with an antiparasitic profile comparable with artemisinin (1), with no cross-resistance in a resistant strains panel and a potential new mode of action. A medicinal chemistry program allowed delivery of compounds such as 19 with high solubility in aqueous media, an acceptable toxicological profile, and oral efficacy. Further evaluation of the lead compounds showed that in vivo genotoxic degradants might be generated. The compounds generated during this medicinal chemistry program and others from the GSK collection were used to build a pharmacophore model which could be used in the virtual screening of compound collections and potentially identify new chemotypes that could deliver the same antiparasitic profile.
Subject(s)
2,2'-Dipyridyl/analogs & derivatives , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Oxadiazoles/pharmacology , 2,2'-Dipyridyl/administration & dosage , 2,2'-Dipyridyl/chemical synthesis , 2,2'-Dipyridyl/pharmacology , 2,2'-Dipyridyl/toxicity , Animals , Antimalarials/administration & dosage , Antimalarials/chemical synthesis , Antimalarials/toxicity , Atovaquone/pharmacology , Chloroquine/pharmacology , Drug Design , Female , Humans , Hydrazines/metabolism , Mice , Mutagenicity Tests , Mutagens/metabolism , Oxadiazoles/administration & dosage , Oxadiazoles/chemical synthesis , Oxadiazoles/toxicity , Parasitemia/drug therapy , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Pyrimethamine/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Infections caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a significant world health problem for which novel therapies are in urgent demand. The NS5B polymerase of HCV is responsible for the replication of viral RNA and has been a prime target in the search for novel treatment options. We had discovered allosteric finger-loop inhibitors based on a thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole scaffold as an alternative to the related indole inhibitors. Optimization of the thienopyrrole series led to several N-acetamides with submicromolar potency in the cell-based replicon assay, but they lacked oral bioavailability in rats. By linking the N4-position to the ortho-position of the C5-aryl group, we were able to identify the tetracyclic thienopyrrole 40, which displayed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in rats and dogs and is equipotent with recently disclosed finger-loop inhibitors based on an indole scaffold.
