ABSTRACT
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life to promote adequate infant growth and development, and to reduce infant morbidity and mortality. However, whenever some mothers are not able to breastfeed their infants, infant formulas mimicking human milk are needed, and the safety and efficacy of each formula should be tested. Here, we report the results of a multicenter, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial that aimed to evaluate a novel starting formula on weight gain and body composition of infants up to 6 and 12 months, as well as safety and tolerability. For the intervention period, infants were divided into three groups: group 1 received formula 1 (Nutribén® Innova 1 (Alter Farmacia S.A., Madrid, Spain) or INN (n = 70)), with a lower amount of protein, a lower casein to whey protein ratio by increasing the content of α-lactalbumin, and a double amount of docosahexaenoic acid/arachidonic acid than the standard formula; it also contained a thermally inactivated postbiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BPL1TM HT). Group 2 received the standard formula or formula 2 (Nutriben® Natal (Alter Farmacia S.A., Madrid, Spain) or STD (n = 70)) and the third group was exclusively breastfed for exploratory analysis and used as a reference (BFD group (n = 70)). During the study, visits were made at 21 days and 2, 4, 6, and 12 months of age. Weight gain was higher in both formula groups than in the BFD group at 6 and 12 months, whereas no differences were found between STD and INN groups either at 6 or at 12 months. Likewise, body mass index was higher in infants fed the two formulas compared with the BFD group. Regarding body composition, length, head circumference and tricipital/subscapular skinfolds were alike between groups. The INN formula was considered safe as weight gain and body composition were within the normal limits, according to WHO standards. The BFD group exhibited more liquid consistency in the stools compared to both formula groups. All groups showed similar digestive tolerance and infant behavior. However, a higher frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms was reported by the STD formula group (n = 291), followed by the INN formula (n = 282), and the BFD groups (n = 227). There were fewer respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders among BFD children. Additionally, infants receiving the INN formula experienced significantly fewer general disorders and disturbances than those receiving the STD formula. Indeed, atopic dermatitis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis were significantly more prevalent among infants who were fed the STD formula compared to those fed the INN formula or breastfed. To evaluate whether there were significant differences between formula treatments, beyond growth parameters, it would seem necessary to examine more precise health biomarkers and to carry out long-term longitudinal studies.
Subject(s)
Infant Formula , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Female , Child , Humans , Infant , Breast Feeding , Weight Gain , Body CompositionABSTRACT
La transfusión feto-materna es el paso de eritrocitos fetales a la circulación materna. Cuando es masiva, tiene una incidencia aproximada del 0,2-0,9 %. Generalmente, se desconoce el agente desencadenante, pero, en ocasiones, se pueden identificar factores de riesgo. En el embarazo, suele ser asintomática; el síntoma más frecuente es la disminución de los movimientos fetales (el 26 %) en relación con la anemia grave. Se diagnostica mediante la detección de hemoglobina fetal en la sangre materna (test de Kleihauer o citometría de flujo). Se presenta a un recién nacido con anemia crónica secundaria a la transfusión fetomaterna, que, después del tratamiento con transfusión de concentrado de hematíes, tuvo como complicación síntomas de sobrecarga de volumen y empeoramiento clínico. Tras la realización de una exanguinotransfusión, evolucionó favorablemente, sin secuelas.
Fetomaternal transfusion (FMT) is defined by the transfer of fetal blood into the maternal circulation. The incidence of massive FMT is estimated to be approximately 0.2-0.9 % of births. Although a number of etiologies have been associated with FMT, most causes remain unidentified and the pregnancy is usually asymptomatic. The most frequent symptom is the decrease in fetal movements (26 %) in relation to severe anemia. Several diagnostic modalities for FMT are described (Kleihauer stain, flow cytometry). We describe a case of a newborn with chronic anemia secondary to FMT who, after treatment with transfusions of red blood cells, presented volume overload and clinical worsening as a complication. In this case, our patient needed exchange transfusion for definitive improvement without disability.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Fetal Hemoglobin , Fetomaternal Transfusion , Flow Cytometry , Anemia, NeonatalABSTRACT
Fetomaternal transfusion (FMT) is defined by the transfer of fetal blood into the maternal circulation. The incidence of massive FMT is estimated to be approximately 0.2-0.9 % of births. Although a number of etiologies have been associated with FMT, most causes remain unidentified and the pregnancy is usually asymptomatic. The most frequent symptom is the decrease in fetal movements (26 %) in relation to severe anemia. Several diagnostic modalities for FMT are described (Kleihauer stain, flow cytometry). We describe a case of a newborn with chronic anemia secondary to FMT who, after treatment with transfusions of red blood cells, presented volume overload and clinical worsening as a complication. In this case, our patient needed exchange transfusion for definitive improvement without disability.
La transfusión feto-materna es el paso de eritrocitos fetales a la circulación materna. Cuando es masiva, tiene una incidencia aproximada del 0,2-0,9 %. Generalmente, se desconoce el agente desencadenante, pero, en ocasiones, se pueden identificar factores de riesgo. En el embarazo, suele ser asintomática; el síntoma más frecuente es la disminución de los movimientos fetales (el 26 %) en relación con la anemia grave. Se diagnostica mediante la detección de hemoglobina fetal en la sangre materna (test de Kleihauer o citometría de flujo). Se presenta a un recién nacido con anemia crónica secundaria a la transfusión fetomaterna, que, después del tratamiento con transfusión de concentrado de hematíes, tuvo como complicación síntomas de sobrecarga de volumen y empeoramiento clínico. Tras la realización de una exanguinotransfusión, evolucionó favorablemente, sin secuelas.
Subject(s)
Anemia, Neonatal/etiology , Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood/methods , Fetomaternal Transfusion/complications , Adolescent , Anemia, Neonatal/therapy , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
La descripción de la ulcera de Bednar es escasa en la literatura actual. Se ha relacionado con el efecto traumático de la tetina del biberón y/o chupetes no ortodóncicos durante la lactancia. Presentamos a un recién nacido de 20 días de vida que acudió a Urgencias por irritabilidad y se asoció, como único hallazgo al momento de la exploración física, dos úlceras bucales. Describimos la presentación clínica, la evolución y el tratamiento. La normalidad de las pruebas complementarias, las características clínicas y la evolución condujeron al diagnóstico de úlcera de Bednar.
The description of the Bednar's ulcer is uncommon in the current literature. It has been associated with the traumatic effect of the bottle's nipple and/or no orthodontic soothers while breastfeeding. We present a newborn of 20 days of life attended at the emergency room for irritability, with the only finding on physical examination of two oral ulcers. We describe the clinical presentation, evolution and treatment. The normality of the diagnostic test, clinical characteristics and evolution lead to the diagnosis of Bednar's ulcer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant, Newborn , Oral Ulcer/diagnosis , Oral Ulcer/etiologyABSTRACT
The description of the Bednar's ulcer is uncommon in the current literature. It has been associated with the traumatic effect of the bottle's nipple and/or no orthodontic soothers while breastfeeding. We present a newborn of 20 days of life attended at the emergency room for irritability, with the only finding on physical examination of two oral ulcers. We describe the clinical presentation, evolution and treatment. The normality of the diagnostic test, clinical characteristics and evolution lead to the diagnosis of Bednar´s ulcer.
La descripción de la úlcera de Bednar es escasa en la literatura actual. Se ha relacionado con el efecto traumático de la tetina del biberón y/o chupetes no ortodóncicos durante la lactancia. Presentamos a un recién nacido de 20 días de vida que acudió a Urgencias por irritabilidad y se asoció, como único hallazgo al momento de la exploración física, dos úlceras bucales. Describimos la presentación clínica, la evolución y el tratamiento. La normalidad de las pruebas complementarias, las características clínicas y la evolución condujeron al diagnóstico de úlcera de Bednar.
