"I don't have a telephone to the fetus": Clinicians' conceptions of fetal patienthood in maternal-fetal surgery counseling.

RATIONALE: Maternal fetal surgery (MFS) has developed rapidly since the 1960s and centers for fetal diagnosis and therapy (CFDT) have proliferated. As a result, CFDT clinicians have intervened with fetuses through pregnant bodies for decades, yet the patienthood status of the fetus and its implications for the pregnant person's autonomy have been relatively unexamined. OBJECTIVE: Our overall research aims were threefold: (1) to explore how clinicians train for and provide counseling for MFS; (2) to examine how clinicians assess fetal patienthood and its implications; and (3) to understand clinicians' professed needs and their recommendations for education and training for the provision of MFS counseling. This focuses on aim two. METHOD: In this qualitative study, conducted using in-depth interviews, we examined how 20 clinicians from 17 different sites understood fetal patienthood, how that affected their counseling of pregnant patients, and whether they drew on extant ethical frameworks for guidelines. RESULTS: We identified three major themes: 1) Clinicians entered fetal surgery consultations with assumptions about fetal patienthood (frequently informed by beliefs about fetal viability, maternal attachment, and disciplinary perspectives); 2) they consciously assessed their pregnant patients' connections to their fetus to inform or re-calibrate their own understandings of fetal patienthood; and 3) they used a threshold -based conceptualization whereby the fetus achieved patienthood after crossing a symbolic boundary, often related to the clinician's ability to intervene. CONCLUSIONS: Few clinicians invoked an extant ethical framework to determine fetal patienthood; most asserted that they did not view directive counseling toward MFS as appropriate, instead working diligently to protect pregnant patients' autonomy and rights to self-determination.

Psychometric assessment of the US person-centered prenatal and maternity care scales in a low-income predominantly Latinx population in California.

OBJECTIVES: To assess psychometric properties of two scales developed to measure the quality of person-centered care during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States-the Person-Centered Prenatal Care (PCPC-US) and Person-Centered Maternity Care (PCMC-US) scales-in a low-income predominantly Latinx population in California. METHODS: Data were collected from July 2020 to June 2023 from surveys of low-income pregnant and birthing people in Fresno, California, participating in the "Engaging Mothers and Babies; Reimagining Antenatal Care for Everyone" (EMBRACE) trial. Research staff administered the 26-item PCPC-US scale at 30-34 weeks' gestation (n = 315) and the 35-item PCMC-US scale at 10-14 weeks after birth (n = 286), using the language preferred by the participant (English or Spanish). We assessed construct, criterion, and known group validity and internal consistency of the scales. RESULTS: 78% of respondents identified as Latinx. Factor analysis identified one dominant factor for each scale that accounted for over 60% of the cumulative variance, with most items loading at > 0.3. The items also loaded adequately on sub-scales for "dignity and respect," "communication and autonomy," and "responsive and supportive care." Cronbach's alpha for the full scales were > 0.9 and between 0.70 and 0.87 for the sub-scales. Summative scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating higher person-centered care. Correlations with scores on scales measuring prenatal care quality and birth experience provided evidence for criterion validity, while associations with known predictors provided evidence for known-group validity. CONCLUSIONS: The PCPC-US and PCMC-US scales, which were developed using a community-engaged process and found to have good psychometric properties in a largely high-income sample of Black women, were shown to also have good psychometric properties in a sample of low-income primarily Latinx women. Both scales provide valid and reliable tools to measure person-centered care experiences among minoritized communities to support efforts to reduce existing birth inequities.

Using a Patient Educational Video to Improve Knowledge of Maternal Mortality Warning Signs: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a community-informed, language-concordant postpartum video education campaign, developed with community input, improves patients' knowledge of warning signs for postpartum maternal mortality (infection, hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, and postpartum depression) compared with routine discharge procedures. METHODS: A single-center, investigator-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial of postpartum individuals who delivered at a large, urban, tertiary care hospital. Eligible participants were enrolled and completed a baseline knowledge questionnaire. After delivery, they were randomized to routine discharge education (control) or routine education plus video education (intervention). After discharge education, patient knowledge was again assessed in both groups before participants left the hospital. The primary outcome was the percentage of participants who showed improvement in their knowledge, measured by the number of correct questionnaire responses after education compared with their baseline, assessed as a binary outcome. A sample size of 150 (75 per group) was planned to detect a 25% absolute increase in the frequency of the primary outcome. RESULTS: From July to August 2022, 296 participants were screened and 200 were randomized (100 per group). Eighty-two percent of participants had college or graduate education, and 71.5% had commercial insurance. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics. There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of participants who improved their scores between the baseline and posteducation questionnaires (64.5% vs 50.0%, P =.09). However, the median posteducation questionnaire total score was significantly higher in the video education group (14 [interquartile range 12-15] vs 13 [interquartile range 12-14], P =.003). In addition, they more frequently reported that video education was "very helpful" (83.9% vs 72.5%, P =.23) and that they were "very satisfied" with their education (86.1% vs 75.5%, P =.29). CONCLUSION: Enhanced postpartum education through a novel video did not result in a statistically significant difference in frequency of improved score on the posteducation questionnaires but was associated with increased satisfaction with care. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT05159726.

Fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age as predictors of neonatal morbidity: which growth nomogram to use?

BACKGROUND: Fetal growth nomograms were developed to screen for fetal growth restriction and guide clinical care to improve perinatal outcomes; however, existing literature remains inconclusive regarding which nomogram is the gold standard. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the ability of 4 commonly used nomograms (Hadlock, International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-unified standard, and World Health Organization fetal growth charts) and 1 institution-specific reference to predict small for gestational age and poor neonatal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of all nonanomalous singleton pregnancies undergoing ultrasound at ≥20 weeks of gestation between 2013 and 2020 and delivering at a single academic center. Using random selection methods, the study sample was restricted to 1 pregnancy per patient and 1 ultrasound per pregnancy completed at ≥22 weeks of gestation. Fetal biometry data were used to calculate estimated fetal weight and percentiles according to the aforementioned 5 nomograms. Maternal and neonatal data were extracted from electronic medical records. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between estimated fetal weight of <10th and <3rd percentiles compared with estimated fetal weight of 10th to 90th percentile as the reference group for small for gestational age and the neonatal composite outcomes (perinatal mortality, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or seizures, respiratory morbidity, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, hyperbilirubinemia or hypoglycemia requiring neonatal intensive care unit admission, and retinopathy of prematurity). Receiver operating characteristic curve contrast estimation (primary analysis) and test characteristics were calculated for all nomograms and the prediction of small for gestational age and the neonatal composite outcomes. We restricted the sample to ultrasounds performed within 28 days of delivery; moreover, similar analyses were completed to assess the prediction of small for gestational age and neonatal composite outcomes. RESULTS: Among 10,045 participants, the proportion of fetuses classified as <10th percentile varied across nomograms from 4.9% to 9.7%. Fetuses with an estimated fetal weight of <10th percentile had an increased risk of small for gestational age (odds ratio, 9.9 [95% confidence interval, 8.5-11.5] to 12.8 [95% confidence interval, 10.9-15.0]). In addition, the estimated fetal weight of <10th and <3rd percentile was associated with increased risk of the neonatal composite outcome (odds ratio, 2.4 [95% confidence interval, 2.0-2.8] to 3.5 [95% confidence interval, 2.9-4.3] and 5.7 [95% confidence interval, 4.5-7.2] to 8.8 [95% confidence interval, 6.6-11.8], respectively). The prediction of small for gestational age with an estimated fetal weight of <10th percentile had a positive likelihood ratio of 6.3 to 8.5 and an area under the curve of 0.62 to 0.67. Similarly, the prediction of the neonatal composite outcome with an estimated fetal weight of <10th percentile had a positive likelihood ratio of 2.1 to 3.1 and an area under the curve of 0.55 to 0.57. When analyses were restricted to ultrasound within 4 weeks of delivery, among fetuses with an estimated fetal weight of <10th percentile, the risk of small for gestational age increased across all nomograms (odds ratio, 16.7 [95% confidence interval, 12.6-22.3] to 25.1 [95% confidence interval, 17.0-37.0]), and prediction improved (positive likelihood ratio, 8.3-15.0; area under the curve, 0.69-0.75). Similarly, the risk of neonatal composite outcome increased (odds ratio, 3.2 [95% confidence interval, 2.4-4.2] to 5.2 [95% confidence interval, 3.8-7.2]), and prediction marginally improved (positive likelihood ratio, 2.4-4.1; area under the curve, 0.60-0.62). Importantly, the risk of both being small for gestational age and having the neonatal composite outcome further increased (odds ratio, 21.4 [95% confidence interval, 13.6-33.6] to 28.7 (95% confidence interval, 18.6-44.3]), and the prediction of concurrent small for gestational age and neonatal composite outcome greatly improved (positive likelihood ratio, 6.0-10.0; area under the curve, 0.80-0.83). CONCLUSION: In this large cohort, Hadlock, recent fetal growth nomograms, and a local population-derived fetal growth reference performed comparably in the prediction of small for gestational age and neonatal composite outcomes.

"We All Want to Be Able to Tell You Something Hopeful": Clinicians' Experiences Providing Maternal-Fetal Surgery Counseling.

INTRODUCTION: Prenatal counseling about maternal-fetal surgery can be traumatic and confusing for pregnant people. It can also be technically and emotionally complex for clinicians. As maternal-fetal surgery rapidly advances and becomes more common, more evidence is needed to inform counseling practices. The objective of this study was to develop a deeper understanding of the methods clinicians currently use to train for and provide counseling, as well as their needs and recommendations for future education and training. METHODS: We used interpretive description methods and interviewed interprofessional clinicians who regularly counsel pregnant people about maternal-fetal surgery. RESULTS: We conducted 20 interviews with participants from 17 different sites who were maternal-fetal medicine specialists (30%), pediatric surgeons (30%), nurses (15%), social workers (10%), a genetic counselor (5%), a neonatologist (5%), and a pediatric subspecialist (5%). Most were female (70%), non-Hispanic white (90%), and practiced in the Midwest (50%). We identified four overarching themes: (1) contextualizing maternal-fetal surgery counseling; (2) establishing shared understanding; (3) supporting decision-making; and (4) training for maternal-fetal surgery counseling. Within these themes, we identified key practice differences among professions, specialties, institutions, and regions. CONCLUSION: Participants are committed to practicing informative and supportive counseling to empower pregnant people to make autonomous decisions about maternal-fetal surgery. Nevertheless, our findings indicate a dearth of evidence-based communication practices and guidance. Participants identified significant systemic limitations affecting pregnant people's decision-making options related to maternal-fetal surgery.

Cell-free fetal DNA impairs trophoblast migration in a TLR9-dependent manner and can be reversed by hydroxychloroquine.

Growing evidence suggests a relationship between elevated circulating placental-derived cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) and preeclampsia. Hypomethylation of CpG motifs, a hallmark of cffDNA, allows it to activate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Using an in vitro human first trimester extravillous trophoblast cell model, we sought to determine if trophoblast-derived cffDNA and ODN 2216, a synthetic unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, directly impacted spontaneous trophoblast migration. The role of the DNA sensors TLR9, AIM2, and cGAS was assessed using the inhibitor A151. To test whether any effects could be reversed by therapeutic agents, trophoblasts were treated with or without cffDNA or ODN 2216 with or without aspirin (ASA; a known cGAS inhibitor), aspirin-triggered lipoxin (ATL), or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ; a known TLR9 inhibitor). Trophoblast-derived cffDNA and ODN 2216 reduced trophoblast migration without affecting cell viability. Reduced trophoblast migration in response to cffDNA or ODN 2216 was reversed by A151. cffDNA inhibition of trophoblast migration was reversed by HCQ, while ASA or ATL had no effect. In contrast ODN 2216 inhibition of trophoblast migration was reversed by ASA, ATL and HCQ. Our findings suggest that cffDNA can exert a local effect on placental function by impairing trophoblast migration through activation of innate immune DNA sensors. HCQ, a known TLR9 inhibitor, reversed the effects of cffDNA on trophoblast migration. Greater insights into the molecular underpinnings of how cffDNA impacts placentation can aid in our understanding of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, and in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for preeclampsia therapy.

Severe Maternal Morbidity Review and Preventability Assessment in a Large Academic Center.

With the goal of identifying factors contributing to severe maternal morbidity (SMM) at our institution, we established a formal SMM review process. We performed a retrospective cohort study including all SMM cases as defined by American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine consensus criteria that were managed at Yale-New Haven Hospital over a 4-year period. Overall, 156 cases were reviewed. The SMM rate was 0.49% (95% CI 0.40-0.58). The leading causes of SMM were hemorrhage (44.9%) and nonintrauterine infection (14.1%). Two thirds of the cases were deemed to be preventable. Preventability was mostly associated with health care professional-level (79.4%) and system-level (58.8%) factors that could coexist. Detailed case review allowed for identification of preventable causes of SMM, revealed gaps in care, and allowed for implementation of practice changes targeting health care professional-level and system-level factors.

La hipertensión arterial en animales de laboratorio / High blood pressure in experimental animals

Las Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas requieren, prioritariamente, que la investigación y la experimentación sean desarrolladas sobre organismos completos (los modelos animales). Su utilización ha permitido desarrollar innumerables ensayos preclínicos para evaluar los mecanismos patógenos y terapéuticos de diversas enfermedades, así como el estudio de las causas, naturaleza y cura de múltiples desórdenes de la salud humana. En este trabajo se muestra una panorámica general de los biomodelos de hipertensión arterial donde se describen: conceptos, características, origen, importancia, utilidad y procedimientos experimentales durante su fase de inducción. También se pondera la justificación de los biomodelos empleados en los estudios preclínicos de esta enfermedad. De igual forma, se describen los antecedentes para medir las alteraciones, las técnicas y los métodos directos e indirectos de medición de la presión arterial, la cual fue provocada experimentalmente en los animales de laboratorio para realizar los estudios de hipertensión humana.

Medical and biological sciences require, as a priority, that research and experimentation be carried out on complete organisms (animal models). Its use has allowed the development of innumerable preclinical tests to evaluate pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of various diseases, as well as to study the causes, nature and cure of multiple human health disorders. In this work, we show a general overview of arterial hypertension biomodels where concepts, characteristics, origin, importance, utility and experimental procedures during their induction phase are described. The justification of the biomodels used in preclinical studies of this disease is also considered. Antecedents are also described to measure alterations, techniques and direct and indirect methods of measurement of arterial pressure, which was provoked experimentally in the laboratory animals to carry out the studies of human hypertension.

Ruxolitinib and methylprednisolone for treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

Although Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy for treating autoimmune disorders and myeloproliferative neoplasms, their efficacy in treating other types of cancer has not been clearly demonstrated. We evaluated oral ruxolitinib (15 mg twice daily) with oral methylprednisolone (40 mg every other day) for multiple myeloma (MM) patients with progressive disease who had received a proteasome inhibitor, lenalidomide, glucocorticosteroids and three or more prior regimens. All of the planned 29 patients had been enrolled with follow-up until 28 April 2022. Median lines of prior therapy were 6 (range 3-12). Cytogenetics and fluorescent in situ hybridization were evaluable in 28 patients; 9 (32%) and 17 (70%) patients showed high-risk cytogenetics and/or 1q+, respectively. The overall response rate was 31%. The median duration of response was 13.1 (range 2.8-22.0) months. Median progression-free survival rate was 3.4 (range 0.5-24.6) months, Overall, the treatment was well tolerated. The combination of ruxolitinib and methylprednisolone demonstrated significant clinical activity among previously heavily-treated MM patients, and responses were achieved among patients who had high-risk cytogenetics. This is the first clinical study to show activity of JAK inhibitors in combination with steroids for MM patients and expands the potential use of these drugs to those with cancers other than myeloproliferative neoplasms.

A phase 1 study of ruxolitinib, steroids and lenalidomide for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients.

Ruxolitinib with lenalidomide and dexamethasone shows anti-myeloma effects in vitro and in vivo. MUC1 leads to lenalidomide resistance in multiple myeloma (MM) cells, and ruxolitinib blocks its expression. Thus, ruxolitinib may restore sensitivity to lenalidomide. A phase I trial was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of ruxolitinib with lenalidomide and methylprednisolone for patients with relapsed/refractory (RR)MM who had been treated with lenalidomide, steroids and a proteasome inhibitor and showed progressive disease at study entry. A traditional 3 + 3 dose escalation design was used to enroll subjects in four cohorts. Subjects received ruxolitinib twice daily, lenalidomide daily on days 1-21 of a 28 day cycle and methylprednisolone orally every other day. Primary endpoints were safety, clinical benefit rate (CBR) and overall response rate (ORR). Forty-nine patients were enrolled. The median age was 64 years and they had received a median of six prior treatments including lenalidomide and steroids to which 94% were refractory. No dose limiting toxicities occurred. The CBR and ORR were 49% and 36%, respectively. All responding patients were refractory to lenalidomide. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs) included anemia (17%), decreased lymphocyte count (15%), and hypophosphatemia (10%). Most common serious AEs included sepsis (9.8%) and pneumonia (7.8%). This Phase I trial demonstrates that a JAK inhibitor, ruxolitinib, can overcome refractoriness to lenalidomide and steroids for patients with RRMM. These results represent a promising novel therapeutic approach for treating MM. NCT03110822.

Rapid Deployment of a Mobile Medical Clinic During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessment of Dyadic Maternal-Child Care.

OBJECTIVES: To describe demographic characteristics and health-related social needs of families who accessed maternal-infant care through a mobile medical clinic (MMC) during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore feasibility, acceptability, perceived benefits, and barriers to care. METHODS: In this mixed-methods observational study, chart reviews, telephone surveys, and qualitative interviews in English and Spanish were conducted with caregivers who accessed the MMC between April and November 2020. Qualitative interviews were analyzed with the constant comparative method alongside descriptive chart and survey data analyses. RESULTS: Of 139 caregiver-infant dyads contacted, 68 (48.9%) completed the survey; 27 also completed the qualitative interview. The survey participants did not differ from the larger sample; most (86.7%) were people of color (52.9% identified as Latino and 33.8% as Black). Health-related social needs were high, including food insecurity (52.9%), diaper insecurity (44.1%), and anxiety (32%). Four women (6.1%) were diagnosed with hypertension requiring urgent evaluation. Nearly all (98.5%) reported being very satisfied with the services. Major themes from qualitative interviews included (1) perceived patient- and family-centered care, (2) perceived safety, and (3) perceived benefits of dyadic mother-infant care. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: In this assessment of caregivers who accessed the MMC-a rapidly-developed COVID-19 pandemic response-insights from caregivers, predominantly people of color, provided considerations for future postpartum/postnatal service delivery. Perceptions that the MMC addressed health-related social needs and barriers to traditional office-based visits and the identification of maternal hypertension requiring urgent intervention suggest that innovative models for postpartum mother-infant care may have long-lasting benefits.

Efectos de los artefactos explosivos sobre la salud auditiva de personas expuestas en conflictos armados / Effects of explosive devices on the hearing health of people exposed to armed conflicts / Efeitos dos artefatos explosivos sobre a saúde auditiva de pessoas expostas em conflitos armados

Resumen Objetivo: describir el conocimiento construido respecto a los efectos de estallidos de armas de guerra convencionales y no convencionales empleadas en diversos conflictos armados sobre la salud auditiva de personas expuestas. Materiales y métodos: revisión sistemática exploratoria de la producción científica elaborada en los últimos 20 años, entre 1999 y 2019. La identificación de las referencias bibliográficas se realizó a través de la consulta en bases de datos e interfases de búsqueda tales como BIREME.BR, Oxford académico, EBSCOHOST, PubMed y Google Académico. Se recuperaron un total de 1801 referencias y se incluyeron investigaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas, reportes científicos y revisiones de la literatura en la revisión. Fueron seleccionados para su revisión a texto completo un total de 41 artículos. Se efectuó síntesis cualitativa por heterogeneidad en los estudios. Resultados: se evidenció un interés creciente en el estudio de esta problemática a través del período abordado, en especial, desde países de habla inglesa involucrados en conflictos armados internacionales. Los problemas otológicos que más se reportaron después de exposición a explosión por armas de guerra fueron: perforación en la membrana timpánica, pérdida de audición, tinnitus; otalgia, mareo o vértigo, y otorrea; existen patrones diferenciales entre poblaciones civiles y militares. Conclusiones: el sistema auditivo es el más comúnmente afectado por sobrepresión por explosión a partir de artefactos empleados como armas en conflictos armados. Además de los problemas otológicos reportados, es necesario estudiar la discapacidad generada en los afectados, así como las repercusiones psicosociales de los síntomas audiológicos instaurados.

Abstract Objective: To describe the knowledge built regarding the effects on the hearing health of people exposed to outbreaks of conventional and unconventional weapons of war used in various armed conflicts. Materials and methods: Systematic exploratory review of the scientific production carried out in the last 20 years, between 1999 and 2019. The identification of bibliographic references was carried out through the consultation of databases and search interfaces such as BIREME.BR, Academic Oxford, EBSCOHOST, PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 1801 references were retrieved and qualitative and quantitative research, scientific reports, and literature reviews were included in the review. A total of 41 articles were selected for full-text review. Qualitative synthesis was carried out due to heterogeneity in the studies. Results: There was a growing interest in the study of this problem throughout the period covered especially from English-speaking countries involved in international armed conflicts. The otology difficulties that were most reported after exposure to explosions by weapons of war were: perforation in the tympanic membrane, hearing loss, tinnitus; earache, dizziness or vertigo, and otorrhea. There are differential patterns between civilian and military populations. Conclusions: The auditory system is the most commonly affected system by overpressure due to explosion from devices used as weapons in armed conflicts. In addition to the reported otology difficulties, it is necessary to study the disability generated in those affected, as well as the psychosocial repercussions of the audiological symptoms established.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever o conhecimento construído respeito aos efeitos de explosões de armas de guerra convencionais e não convencionais empregadas em diversos conflitos armados sobre a saúde auditiva de pessoas expostas. Materiais e métodos: revisão sistemática exploratória da produção científica elaborada nos últimos 20 anos, entre 1999 e 2019. A identificação das referências bibliográficas se fez a través da consulta em bases de dados e interfaces de busca tais como BIREME.BR, Oxford acadêmico, EBSCOHOST, PubMed e Google Acadêmico. Re recuperaram-se um total de 1801 referências e se incluíram pesquisas qualitativas e quantitativas, reportes científicos e revisões da literatura na revisão. Foram selecionados para sua revisão a texto completo um total de 41 artigos. Efetuou-se sínteses qualitativa por heterogeneidade nos estudos. Resultados: evidenciou-se um interesse crescente no estudo desta problemática a través do período abordado, em especial, desde países de língua inglesa envolvidos em conflitos armados internacionais. Os problemas otológicos que mais se reportaram despois de exposição a explosão por armas de guerra foram: perfuração na membrana timpânica, perda de audição, tinnitus; otalgia, tonturas, a vertigem, e otorreia; existem patrões diferenciais entre populações civis e militares. Conclusões: o sistema auditivo é o mais comumente afetado por sobre pressão por explosão a partir de artefatos empregados como armas em conflitos armados. Além dos problemas otológicos reportados, é necessário estudar a deficiência gerada nos afetados, assim como as repercussões psicossociais dos sintomas auditivos instaurados.

Narratives of Indigenous University Students in Bogotá about the Indigenous Human Life Process, 2021 / Narrativas de estudiantes universitarios indígenas en Bogotá (Colombia) sobre el proceso vital humano indígena, 2021 / Narrativas de estudantes universitários indígenas em Bogotá sobre o processo de vida humana indígena, 2021

Introduction: In Colombia, a majority of the indigenous peoples are at risk of physical and cultural extinc-tion. In addition, the lack of studies related to analyzing their own narratives about the issues surround-ing indigenous health is telling. This absence results in difficulties of analysis and intervention culturally appropriate for indigenous problems. Thus, the objective was to unveil the narratives about the human life process in the indigenous peoples of Colombia constructed by indigenous migrant university students in Bogotá. Materials and methods: This research is qualitative, with a narrative approach, and is based on the hermeneutical­interpretive paradigm. Eight undergraduate students in Bogotá, between the ages of 18 and 40, belonging to the Kamentsá, Pastos, Pijao, Kankuamo, Nasa, and Misak peoples, were inter-viewed. Results: Life in harmony, anchored to the territory of origin, was identified as the key organizing concept for all understandings of health, illness, death, and care. Conclusions: Designing appropriate healthcare interventions aimed at indigenous people requires considering their own understandings of the human life process in an intrinsic relationship with the integral harmony between person, commu-nity, and territory

Introducción: En Colombia, la mayoría de los pueblos indígenas se encuentran en riesgo de extinción física y cultural. Además, existe una deficiencia de estudios relacionados con el análisis de narrativas propias sobre los asuntos que rodean la salud indígena. Tal ausencia deriva en las dificultades de análisis e intervención culturalmente apropiada a problemas indígenas. Así, se planteó como objetivo develar las narrativas sobre el proceso vital humano en pueblos indígenas de Colombia construidas por estudiantes universitarios indígenas migrantes en Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: esta investigación es cualitativa con enfoque narrativo y está basada en el paradigma hermenéutico-interpretativo. Se entrevistó a ocho estudiantes que cursan el pregrado en Bogotá, con edades entre 18 y 40 años, pertenecientes a los pueblos kamentsá, pastos, pijao, kankuamo, nasa y misak. Resultados: se identificó la vida en armonía, anclada al territorio de origen, como el concepto clave organizador de todas las comprensiones relativas a la salud, la enfermedad, la muerte y el cuidado. Conclusiones: el diseño de intervenciones sanitarias apropiadas dirigidas a indígenas requiere considerar sus propias comprensiones sobre el proceso vital humano, en relación intrínseca con la armonía integral entre persona, comunidad y territorio.

Introdução: na Colômbia, a maioria dos povos indígenas está em risco de extinção física e cultural. Além disso, faltam estudos relacionados à análise de narrativas sobre o processo de Vida Humana Indígena que partem de suas próprias perspectivas. Essa ausência é evidenciada nas dificuldades de analisar e implementar intervenções culturalmente adequadas aos problemas das comunidades indígenas. Desta forma, o objetivo é desvelar as narrativas sobre o processo vital humano nos povos indígenas da Colômbia construídas por estudantes universitários indígenas migrantes em Bogotá. Materiais e méto-dos: a pesquisa é qualitativa com abordagem narrativa e fundamenta-se no paradigma hermenêutico-in-terpretativo. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas com oito estudantes indígenas universitários, com idades entre 18 e 40 anos, pertencentes aos povos indígenas kamentsá, pastos, pijao, kankuamo, nasa e misak. Resultados: a convivência harmoniosa, ancorada nos territórios de origem, foi identificada como o conceito organizador-chave de todas as compreensões de saúde, doença, morte e cuidado. Conclusões:o desenho de intervenções de saúde adequadas dirigidas aos povos indígenas requer a consideração de seus próprios entendimentos sobre o processo da vida humana, em uma relação intrínseca com a harmonia integral entre pessoa, comunidade e território

Does Antenatal Progesterone Administration Modify the Risk of Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage?

OBJECTIVE: Progesterone administration has been associated with improved neurological outcomes following traumatic brain injury in adults. However, studies examining the effect of progesterone on the risk of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are inconsistent. We sought to determine if maternal administration of intramuscular 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) is associated with decreased rates of IVH in infants born before 32-weeks gestation. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective study of liveborn singleton deliveries between 20- and 32-weeks gestation at two large academic medical centers from January 1, 2012 to August 30, 2020. Data were extracted from hospital electronic medical record data warehouses using standardized definitions and billing and diagnosis codes. We evaluated receipt of 17-OHPC in the antepartum period and diagnosis of IVH (grade I-IV, per Volpe classification) during the neonatal delivery hospitalization encounter. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine the association between 17-OHPC and neonatal IVH adjusting for potential confounders. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were presented. RESULTS: Among 749 neonates born between 20- and 32-week gestation, 140 (18.7%) of their mothers had received antenatal 17-OHPC and 148 (19.8%) were diagnosed with IVH after birth. No significant association was observed between maternal 17-OHPC and neonatal IVH in unadjusted (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.72-1.78) or adjusted analyses (adjusted odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 0.71-1.84). Independent of exposure to 17-OHPC, as expected, infants born <28-weeks gestation or those with very low birthweight (<1,500 g) were at an increased risk of IVH (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.55-3.48 and OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.09-4.38, respectively). CONCLUSION: Antenatal maternal 17-OHPC administration was not associated with the risk of neonatal IVH. Further research may be warranted to determine whether timing, route of delivery, and duration of progesterone therapy impact rates of neonatal IVH. KEY POINTS: · This study aimed to compare the frequency of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates exposed to antenatal 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate to those not exposed.. · In neonates born at <32-weeks gestation, maternal use of progesterone is not associated with the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage.. · In contrast to preclinical and adult data, this study suggests that progesterone exposure is not associated with the prevention of neonatal brain injury..

A phase 2 trial of the efficacy and safety of elotuzumab in combination with pomalidomide, carfilzomib and dexamethasone for high-risk relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

High-risk multiple myeloma (MM) continues to have a poor prognosis and remains a therapeutic challenge. This phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of elotuzumab in combination with pomalidomide, carfilzomib, and low-dose dexamethasone for patients with high-risk relapsed/refractory (RR)MM (NCT03104270). Of 13 enrolled patients, 11 were evaluable for efficacy. Overall response rate and clinical benefit rate were 45.4% and 54.5%, respectively. Deep responses were observed including two complete responses. The novel quadruplet combination was overall well-tolerated, with clinically manageable adverse events. Common adverse events of ≥ grade 3 included lymphopenia (15%), anemia (15%), sepsis (15%), pneumonia (15%), and hypophosphatemia (15%). The novel combination showed promising efficacy and was well tolerated in this heavily pretreated MM population. Even though the study was terminated early prior to completion of enrollment, the results indicate that this may be a promising therapeutic approach for high-risk RRMM patients, which warrants further study.

Aspectos clínicos y preclínicos en la investigación de la enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria y la diabetes / Preclinical and clinical aspects in the study of inflammatory periodontal disease and diabetes

RESUMEN La investigación biomédica genera evidencia científica valiosa para mejorar los esquemas de tratamiento de enfermedades de los seres humanos. La enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria crónica afecta los tejidos de protección y soporte del diente; es una de las infecciones crónicas más prevalentes. Su etiología es multifactorial (las bacterias constituyen el factor primario). La placa dental es un biofilm en el que los microorganismos anaerobios dominan; se puede dividir en gingivitis y periodontitis. La gingivitis es un estado inflamatorio de las encías, sin pérdida de fibras de inserción periodontal o del hueso alveolar. En la periodontitis se produce la destrucción progresiva de las fibras de colágeno y de las estructuras óseas de soporte; está relacionada con diferentes complicaciones sistémicas, entre ellas: la diabetes mellitus (trastorno metabólico que se caracteriza por la hiperglucemia). Esta revisión permitirá a los especialistas investigar, a escala preclínica, aspectos importantes de estas enfermedades en los roedores de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT Biomedical research generates valuable scientific evidence to improve human disease treatment schemes. Chronic inflammatory periodontal disease affects the protective and supporting tissues of the teeth; it is one of the most prevalent chronic infections. Its etiology is multifactorial (bacteria are the primary factor). Dental plaque is a biofilm in which anaerobic microorganisms dominate; it can be divided into gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is an inflammatory state of the gums, without loss of periodontal attachment fibers or alveolar bone. Progressive destruction of collagen fibers and supporting bone structures occurs in periodontitis; it is related to different systemic complications, including diabetes mellitus (a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia). This review will allow specialists to investigate, on a preclinical scale, important aspects of these diseases in laboratory rodents.

Resolution of abdominal hernia with loss of home in two surgical times, in a patient with morbid obesity.

Obesity is a risk factor for the development of anterior abdominal wall hernias. Incisional hernias develop in up to 13% of laparotomies: the most difficult to repair are complex and multiple recurrent hernias with significant loss of control. The best approach to treating obese patients who concomitantly have hernias of the anterior abdominal wall is still a matter of debate. We present a clinical case of a patient with morbid obesity and abdominal hernia with loss of residence, who underwent bariatric surgery before ventral plasty.

La obesidad es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de hernias de la pared abdominal anterior. Las hernias incisionales se desarrollan hasta en el 13% de las laparotomías. Las más difíciles de reparar son las hernias recurrentes complejas y múltiples con pérdida significativa de domicilio. El mejor enfoque en el tratamiento de pacientes obesos y que concomitantemente tienen hernias de la pared abdominal anterior es aún un tema de debate. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente con obesidad mórbida y hernia abdominal con pérdida de domicilio, intervenido de cirugía bariatrica antes de la plastia ventral.

One-anastomosis gastric bypass in patients with BMI < 30 kg/m2 and diabetes mellitus type 2 / Bypass gástrico de una sola anastomosis en pacientes con IMC < 30 kg/m2 y diabetes mellitus de tipo 2

Introduction: type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a major health problem, as it leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Metabolic surgery has shown good results in glycemic control; however, its use has not become popular. Objectives: to evaluate DM2 remission, as well as changes in body mass index (BMI), in overweight diabetic patients after undergoing metabolic surgery. Methods: a retrospective review was carried out of all patients with DM2 and BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2 who underwent laparoscopic one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) as metabolic procedure between 2016 and 2019. Results: a total of 15 patients were included with a mean age of 46.6 ± 11.25 years. Mean BMI was 28.41 ± 0.94 kg/m2. Average duration was 5.4 ± 2.79 years, and presurgical fasting glucose was 288.53 ± 65.22 mg/dL. Preoperative glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 9.58 ± 1.66 %. Two years after surgery HbA1c was 5.21 ± 0.26 %. The remission rate of DM2 was 100 %. All patients maintained a normal BMI range. Conclusions: OAGB is a valid alternative for complete DM2 remission no matter if it is not accompanied by some degree of obesity, since in this case the length of the biliopancreatic limb and common channel is modified to make a less malabsorptive procedure. (AU)

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DM2) es un gran problema de salud ya que conlleva un aumento de la morbimortalidad. La cirugía metábolica ha demostrado tener buenos resultados en el control glucémico; sin embargo, su uso no se ha popularizado. Objetivos: evaluar la remisión de la DM2, así como los cambios en el índice de masa corporal (IMC), en pacientes diabéticos con sobrepeso despúes de realizarse una cirugía metabólica. Métodos: se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de todos los pacientes con DM2 e IMC entre 25 y 29,9 kg/m2 que fueron sometidos a bypass gástrico de una sola anastomosis (BAGUA) laparoscópico como procedimiento metabólico entre 2016 y 2019. Resultados: se incluyó un total de 15 pacientes con una edad media de 46,6 ± 11,25 años. El IMC medio fue de 28,41 ± 0,94 kg/m2. La media de evolución fue de 5,4 ± 2,79 años y la glucosa en ayunas prequirúgica de 288,53 ± 65,22 mg/dL. La hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) preoperatoria fue del 9,58 ± 1,66 %. A los 2 años después de la cirugía, la HbA1c fue del 5,21 ± 0,26 %. La tasa de remisión de la DM2 fue del 100 %. Todos los pacientes se mantuvienron en un rango normal de IMC. Conclusiones: el BAGUA es una alternativa eficaz para la remisión completa de la DM2 sin importar que no se acompañe de algun grado obesidad, ya que en este caso se modifica la longitud del asa biliopancreática y el canal común para hacer un procedimiento menos malabsortivo. (AU)

One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) in patients with BMI < 30 kg/m2 and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2).

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a major health problem, as it leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Metabolic surgery has shown good results in glycemic control; however, its use has not become popular. Objectives: to evaluate DM2 remission, as well as changes in body mass index (BMI), in overweight diabetic patients after undergoing metabolic surgery. Methods: a retrospective review was carried out of all patients with DM2 and BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2 who underwent laparoscopic one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) as metabolic procedure between 2016 and 2019. Results: a total of 15 patients were included with a mean age of 46.6 ± 11.25 years. Mean BMI was 28.41 ± 0.94 kg/m2. Average duration was 5.4 ± 2.79 years, and presurgical fasting glucose was 288.53 ± 65.22 mg/dL. Preoperative glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 9.58 ± 1.66 %. Two years after surgery HbA1c was 5.21 ± 0.26 %. The remission rate of DM2 was 100 %. All patients maintained a normal BMI range. Conclusions: OAGB is a valid alternative for complete DM2 remission no matter if it is not accompanied by some degree of obesity, since in this case the length of the biliopancreatic limb and common channel is modified to make a less malabsorptive procedure.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DM2) es un gran problema de salud ya que conlleva un aumento de la morbimortalidad. La cirugía metábolica ha demostrado tener buenos resultados en el control glucémico; sin embargo, su uso no se ha popularizado. Objetivos: evaluar la remisión de la DM2, así como los cambios en el índice de masa corporal (IMC), en pacientes diabéticos con sobrepeso despúes de realizarse una cirugía metabólica. Métodos: se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de todos los pacientes con DM2 e IMC entre 25 y 29,9 kg/m2 que fueron sometidos a bypass gástrico de una sola anastomosis (BAGUA) laparoscópico como procedimiento metabólico entre 2016 y 2019. Resultados: se incluyó un total de 15 pacientes con una edad media de 46,6 ± 11,25 años. El IMC medio fue de 28,41 ± 0,94 kg/m2. La media de evolución fue de 5,4 ± 2,79 años y la glucosa en ayunas prequirúgica de 288,53 ± 65,22 mg/dL. La hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) preoperatoria fue del 9,58 ± 1,66 %. A los 2 años después de la cirugía, la HbA1c fue del 5,21 ± 0,26 %. La tasa de remisión de la DM2 fue del 100 %. Todos los pacientes se mantuvienron en un rango normal de IMC. Conclusiones: el BAGUA es una alternativa eficaz para la remisión completa de la DM2 sin importar que no se acompañe de algun grado obesidad, ya que en este caso se modifica la longitud del asa biliopancreática y el canal común para hacer un procedimiento menos malabsortivo.

Salud auditiva en víctimas afrocolombianas del conflicto armado, sobrevivientes de artefacto explosivo improvisado / Hearing health in Afro-Colombian victims of the armed conflict, survivors of improvised explosive device

Introducción: En el año 2002 un artefacto explosivo improvisado estalló sobre la población civil afrocolombiana refugiada en una iglesia y generó una masacre. Los sobrevivientes presentaron importantes afectaciones en la salud, sin un estudio completo hasta la fecha. Objetivo: Establecer el perfil de salud auditiva en la comunidad de sobrevivientes a la masacre de Bojayá, Chocó. Métodos: A partir de evaluaciones clínicas audiológicas con anamnesis, otoscopia, audiometría, logoaudiometría e impedanciometría en 61 personas supervivientes, se efectuó un estudio descriptivo incluyendo variables sociodemográficas, factores de riesgo, signos y síntomas auditivos, y diagnósticos audiológicos. Resultados: Un 72,13 por ciento de los participantes fueron mujeres. Además de la exposición al estallido de artefacto explosivo improvisado, que les afectó tanto en recinto cerrado (78,69 %), como en exteriores adyacentes (3,28 por ciento) o ubicaciones más distantes; los principales factores de riesgo auditivo encontrados fueron la infección de oído previa (26,87 por ciento). Un 70,49 por ciento sufría de tinnitus y 14,75 por ciento de vértigo. El 81,97 por ciento de sobrevivientes (n = 50) presentaron alteraciones en su audición, sin estudio previo. Un 81 por ciento de quienes se encontraron con algún grado de hipoacusia, reportaban el antecedente de exposición al estallido dentro del espacio cerrado de la iglesia. Conclusiones: El perfil de salud auditiva de la comunidad de sobrevivientes a la masacre de Bojayá, Chocó, se caracterizó por la presencia de dificultades auditivas, tinnitus, otalgia, vértigo, antecedentes de trauma acústico y perforaciones timpánicas. El principal diagnóstico encontrado fue hipoacusia conductiva bilateral(AU)

Introduction: In 2002 an improvised explosive device exploded over a church with Afro-Colombian civilians sheltering there, generating a massacre. The survivors presented important health problems without a complete study to date. Objective: To establish the hearing health profile in the community of survivors of the Bojayá Massacre, Chocó. Methods: Based on clinical audiological evaluations with anamnesis, otoscopy, audiometry, speech audiometry and impedance in 61 survivors, a descriptive study was carried out including sociodemographic variables, risk factors, auditory signs and symptoms, and audiological diagnoses. Results: 72.13 percent of the participants were women. In addition to exposure to the explosion of an improvised explosive device, which affected indoors (78.69 percent), and in adjacent outdoors (3.28 percent) or more distant locations, the main auditory risk factors found were previous infection of ears (26.87 percent). 70.49 percent suffered from tinnitus and 14.75 percent from vertigo. 81.97 percent of survivors (n=50) presented alterations in their hearing, without previous study. 81 percent of those who encountered some degree of hearing loss reported a history of exposure to the blast within the closed space of the church. Conclusions: The hearing health profile of the community of survivors of the Bojayá massacre, Chocó, was characterized by the presence of hearing difficulties, tinnitus, earache, vertigo, a history of acoustic trauma, and tympanic perforations. The main diagnosis found was bilateral conductive hearing loss(AU)