Endovascular Treatment of Small and Very Small Intracranial Aneurysms with the Woven EndoBridge Device.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Woven EndoBridge has proved to be a safe and effective treatment, especially for wide-neck intracranial aneurysms. The recent fifth-generation Woven EndoBridge came with smaller devices. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficiency of Woven EndoBridge treatment of small and very small aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 2017 and March 2020, all consecutive patients treated with a 3- or 3.5 mm-width Woven EndoBridge device were included in this retrospective intention-to-treat study. Clinical and radiologic findings were evaluated at immediate and last-available follow-up. Angiographic outcome was assessed by an external expert reader. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-eight aneurysms were treated with a fifth-generation Woven EndoBridge device including 29 with a width of ≤3.5 mm. Ten aneurysms were ruptured (34%). In 3 cases (10%), Woven EndoBridge treatment could not be performed because the aneurysm was still too small for the smallest available Woven EndoBridge device and another endovascular strategy was chosen. The median follow-up time was 11.2 months. Complete and adequate occlusion was obtained in 71% and 90% of the treated aneurysms, respectively. Retreatment was needed in 2 cases (10%). Symptomatic ischemic complications leading to transient neurologic deficits occurred in 2 cases (7%) (1 procedure-related and 1 device-related) but with full spontaneous recovery at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The fifth-generation Woven EndoBridge device seems to be a safe and technically feasible treatment for both ruptured and unruptured small and very small intracranial aneurysms, with satisfactory occlusion rates on midterm follow-up. However, further study is needed to evaluate longer-term efficiency.

Use of topical tranexamic acid in primary total hip arthroplasty. Efficiency and safety. Our experience. / Utilización del ácido tranexámico tópico en la artroplastia total primaria de cadera. Eficacia y seguridad. Nuestra experiencia.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Intravenous tranexamic acid has been shown to reduce bleeding and the need for transfusions in total hip arthroplasty, although it has a theoretical risk of producing thromboembolic phenomena. Recently some papers have been published using the topical application of tranexamic acid, but the ideal administration protocol has not yet been clearly defined. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate that our protocol of topical tranexamic acid is effective and safe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective data collection from a case series of 80 primary hip arthroplasties, in which the following topical tranexamic acid protocol is used: 1.5 grams diluted to a total volume of 60ml were administered, applying 20ml in the acetabular bed, 20ml in the femoral canal and 20ml through the Redon drain, keeping it closed for 20minutes. RESULTS: Eighty patients were operated. Preoperative haemoglobin 14.26g / dL; preoperative haematocrit 42.39%. An average loss of 2.74g / dL of haemoglobin and 8% of haematocrit was obtained. Eleven percent of the patients required transfusion, of whom 67% had known previous anaemia; only 3 patients without prior anaemia required transfusion (4%). There were no thromboembolic complications in our series. CONCLUSIONS: The use of topical tranexamic acid was safe and effective in primary total hip arthroplasty, reducing the need for blood transfusion compared to that described in the literature in untreated patients.

Calcific tendinopathy of the shoulder with intraosseous extension: experience with arthroscopic treatment and review of the literature. / Tendinitis calcificante de hombro con extensión intraósea: experiencia con el tratamiento artroscópico y revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff is a common cause of shoulder pain. The aim of the present study was to show a rare presentation of calcific tendinopathy of the shoulder, the intraosseous extension, which can be mistaken for a bone tumour or an infectious disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two clinical cases of calcific tendinopathy of the shoulder with intraosseous extension and a review of the literature are presented. RESULTS: Cortical erosion, osteolytic lesion in the greater tuberosity and perilesional oedema were observed in both cases. Good results were achieved with shoulder arthroscopy including lesion debridement and reinsertion of the tendon in the greater tuberosity with an anchor. CONCLUSIONS: In the presence of an osteolytic lesion with perilesional oedema in the greater tuberosity, the intraosseous expansion of a calcifying tendinopathy should be included in the differential diagnosis. In our cases the arthroscopic treatment was successful.

Sperm preparation after freezing improves motile sperm count, motility, and viability in frozen-thawed sperm compared with sperm preparation before freezing-thawing process.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate which cryopreservation protocol, freezing before or after swim-up, optimizes cryopreservation outcomes in terms of motile sperm count, motility, morphology, and viability, and also to establish whether sperm viability could be assessed based on sperm motility. METHODS: Fifty-three fresh and 53 swim-up prepared samples were considered for the first experiment. In parallel, total motility evaluation by CASA system (computer-assisted sperm analyzer) and hypoosmotic swelling test (HOS-test) was performed in each sample to compare the viability results of both methods. In the second experiment, 21 normozoospermic semen samples and 20 semen samples from male factor patients were included. After fresh ejaculate evaluation, the semen sample of each patient was divided into two aliquots, one of them was frozen before swim-up and the other was frozen after swim-up. Motility, sperm count, morphology, and viability were evaluated after thawing. RESULTS: A linear regression model allows prediction of HOS-test viability results based on total motility: HOS = 1.38 + 0.97 · TM (R 2 = 99.10, residual mean squares = 9.51). Freezing before sperm selection leads to higher total and progressive motility, total motile sperm count, and viability rates than when sperm selection is performed before freezing (P < 0.005 in all cases). In fact, sperm selection prior to freezing reaches critical values when subfertile patients are considered. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, total motility evaluation can predict HOS-test viability results, resulting in a more objective and less time-consuming method to assess viability. In addition, sperm freezing prior to swim-up selection must be considered in order to achieve better outcomes after thawing, especially in patients presenting poor sperm baseline.

Resultados de un implante de poliuretano para el tratamiento del dolor persistente de rodilla tras meniscectomía parcial con un mínimo de dos años de seguimiento / Results of polyurethane implant for persistent knee pain after partial meniscectomy with a minimum of two years follow-up

Objetivo. Evaluar los resultados de un implante de poliuretano en 10 pacientes con dolor persistente tras meniscectomía parcial. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo descriptivo de 10 pacientes que fueron intervenidos para colocación artroscópica de un implante meniscal de poliuretano. Se realizó evaluación funcional, de resonancia magnética y radiología simple antes de la intervención, a los 6 meses, un año, y en el seguimiento final con un mínimo de dos años. La evaluación clínica incluyó las escalas de Lysholm, KOOS y EVA. En resonancia magnética (RM) se evaluó la morfología y la intensidad de la señal del implante según los criterios de Genovese et al. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la media de puntuación de Lysholm antes de la cirugía (63,5 puntos), a los 6 meses (76,8 puntos) (p = 0,001), al año (83,3 puntos) (p < 0,001) y al final del seguimiento (84,4 puntos) (p < 0,001). En la puntuación del KOOS se hallaron diferencias significativas entre las medias en el preoperatorio (64,23 puntos) y 6 meses (73,66 puntos) (p = 0,001), un año (81,39 puntos) (p < 0,001) y el seguimiento final (83,34 puntos) (p < 0,001). Los valores promedio de la EVA fueron de 5,7 puntos en el preoperatorio, 3,6 puntos a los 6 meses (p < 0,001), 1,9 puntos al año (p < 0,001) y 1,9 puntos al final del seguimiento (p < 0,001). La radiología mostró cambios degenerativos en un caso. En la RM, el tamaño del implante y la intensidad de la señal de RM disminuyeron progresivamente, no llegando a alcanzar nunca los de un menisco normal. Conclusiones. Veinticuatro meses después de la cirugía se ha encontrado una mejora significativa en todos los parámetros clínicos, salvo en un paciente que precisó reintervención. El tamaño del implante se redujo y en ningún caso se alcanzó una imagen de RM similar a la de un menisco normal. El procedimiento demostró ser seguro y útil para el tratamiento del dolor persistente tras meniscectomía (AU)

Purpose. To present the results of a polyurethane meniscal scaffold implant in 10 patients with persistent pain after meniscectomy. Methods. Prospective, descriptive study of ten patients who underwent arthroscopic implantation of a polyurethane meniscal scaffold. Functional, MRI, and radiography assessment was performed pre-operatively and at 6-months, 1-year, and a final follow-up at a minimum of two years. Clinical evaluation included Lysholm score, KOOS and VAS. The MRI morphology and signal intensity of the implant were evaluated according to the criteria of Genovese et al. Results. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean Lysholm score before surgery (63.5 points), and that at 6 months (76.8 points) (p = .001), one year (83.3 points) (p < .001) and final follow-up (84.4 points) (p < .001). KOOS showed significant differences between before surgery (64.23 points), 6 months (73.66 points) (p = .001), one year (81.39 points) (p < .001) and final follow-up (83.34 points) (p < .001). The mean values for VAS were 5.7 points in the pre-operative evaluation, 3.6 points at 6 months-follow-up (p < .001), 1.9 points at one year (p < .001), and 1.9 points at final follow-up (p < .001). Radiology showed degenerative changes in one case. In MRI, the size of the implant and the intensity of the MRI signal gradually decreased, but it never changed to that of a normal meniscus. Conclusion. A significant improvement was found in all the clinical parameters 24 months after the surgery, except in one patient who underwent furher surgery. The scaffold reduced its size and but never achieved an MRI image similar to that of a normal meniscus (AU)

The procedure proved to be safe and useful for the treatment of persistent pain after meniscectomy (AU)

[Results of polyurethane implant for persistent knee pain after partial meniscectomy with a minimum of two years follow-up]. / Resultados de un implante de poliuretano para el tratamiento del dolor persistente de rodilla tras meniscectomía parcial con un mínimo de dos años de seguimiento.

PURPOSE: To present the results of a polyurethane meniscal scaffold implant in 10 patients with persistent pain after meniscectomy. METHODS: Prospective, descriptive study of ten patients who underwent arthroscopic implantation of a polyurethane meniscal scaffold. Functional, MRI, and radiography assessment was performed pre-operatively and at 6-months, 1-year, and a final follow-up at a minimum of two years. Clinical evaluation included Lysholm score, KOOS and VAS. The MRI morphology and signal intensity of the implant were evaluated according to the criteria of Genovese et al. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the mean Lysholm score before surgery (63.5 points), and that at 6 months (76.8 points) (p=.001), one year (83.3 points) (p<.001) and final follow-up (84.4 points) (p<.001). KOOS showed significant differences between before surgery (64.23 points), 6 months (73.66 points) (p=.001), one year (81.39 points) (p<.001) and final follow-up (83.34 points) (p<.001). The mean values for VAS were 5.7 points in the pre-operative evaluation, 3.6 points at 6 months-follow-up (p<.001), 1.9 points at one year (p<.001), and 1.9 points at final follow-up (p<.001). Radiology showed degenerative changes in one case. In MRI, the size of the implant and the intensity of the MRI signal gradually decreased, but it never changed to that of a normal meniscus. CONCLUSION: A significant improvement was found in all the clinical parameters 24 months after the surgery, except in one patient who underwent furher surgery. The scaffold reduced its size and but never achieved an MRI image similar to that of a normal meniscus. The procedure proved to be safe and useful for the treatment of persistent pain after meniscectomy.

Odours in sewer networks: nuisance assessment.

As odour nuisance can affect the quality of life, the population is more and more demanding and in many cities sewers are a critical source of odours. Both factors can lead to increasing numbers of complaints due to the odour nuisance perceived by the residents, affecting also the public image of the sewer management companies. Odours associated with sewer networks are very heterogeneous, in as much as the different 'types of odours' encountered are sewer site specific. The state of the art indicates that there are three parameters that play an important role with the nuisance generated by an odour: hedonic odour tone, odour concentration and odour intensity. This paper presents the results of the study on odour nuisance carried out in different points of the sewer network, with the aim to assess the nuisance generated and identify which points of the sewer should be targeted to implement corrective actions. Considering the different parameters assessed, pumping stations have been identified as critical points of odour nuisance in the sewers, being recommended to implement an odour treatment system in order to guarantee the odour comfort of residents.

Factores pronóstico a corto plazo en los ancianos atendidos en urgencias por síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST / Short-term prognostic factors in elderly patients treated in emergency departments

Objetivo: Investigar los factores asociados a la mortalidad a corto plazo en los pacientes ancianos que acuden a urgencias por síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST (SCAEST).Método: Estudio multicéntrico, longitudinal, observacional, analítico-prospectivo y sin intervención. Se incluyó a pacientes de 70 o más años atendidos en 42 hospitales españoles. Se analizaron 17 variables independientes que pudieran influir en la mortalidad a 30 días. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de un registro creado para este estudio, de la historia clínica o de la entrevista con el paciente o sus familiares. Se realizó un estudio multivariable mediante regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyó a 1.137 pacientes, 340 (29,9%) fallecieron a los 30 días de la consulta en urgencias. Cuatro variables se asociaron de forma significativa con la mortalidad: la edad (odds ratio [OR] = 2,71; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 2,02-3,64), la no realización de angioplastia primaria (AP) (OR = 3; IC del 95%, 1,32-6,81)la clasificación de Killip avanzada (OR = 10,19; IC del 95%, 6,99 -14,85) y la localización anterior del infarto (OR = 1,39; IC del 95%, 1,03-1,86).Conclusiones: Encontramos diversos factores disponibles tras la valoración en urgencias, como la edad, que determinan un mal pronóstico a corto plazo del paciente anciano que consulta por un SCAEST. Ni la clase de Killip, ni la localización anterior del infarto agudo de miocardio ni la edad son susceptibles de modificación, no así la realización de una AP que, a diferencia del tratamiento fibrinolítico, es un factor independiente de no mortalidad a los 30 días (AU)

Objective: To identify factors associated with short-term mortality in patients of advanced age who come to the emergency department with acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation.Methods: Prospective longitudinal observational multicenter analytic study without interventions. Patients aged 70 yearsor older who were treated at 42 Spanish hospitals were included. Seventeen independent variables that might influence30-day mortality were analyzed. The information was extracted from the medical records or obtained during interviews with the patient or a family member; it was then recorded in a database developed for this study.Results: A total of 1137 patients were included; 340 (29.9%) died within 30 days of the emergency department visit.Four variables conferred significant risk of mortality. These were age (odds ratio [OR], 2.71; 95% confidence interval [CI],2.02-3.64); lack of primary angioplasty (OR, 3; 95% CI, 1.32-6.81); advanced Killip class (OR, 10.19; 95% CI, 6.99-14.85); and anterior location of the lesion (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.03-1.86).Conclusions: We identified several factors, such as age, that are recorded during emergency department assessment andthat predict poor short-term outcome in the elderly patient treated for acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation. Although Killip class, location of the acute myocardial infarction, and age cannot be modified, we did identify a factor (performance of primary angioplasty) that, unlike fibrinolytic treatment, is independently associated with a better outcome in terms of 30-day mortality (AU)

[Olfactory groove meningiomas. Radical microsurgical treatment through the bifrontal approach]. / Meningiomas del surco olfatorio. Tratamiento microquirúrgico radical por via bifrontal.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the microsurgical technique for the radical removal of olfactory groove meningiomas through the bifrontal approach. To review the diagnostic elements to be taken into account in the selection of the surgical approach to these tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A microsurgical series of 35 olfactory groove meningiomas operated on through a bifrontal craniotomy is reviewed. RESULTS: The mean tumoral volume was 85cc (4.4cm diameter). A relevant peritumoral brain edema was found in 65.7% of cases, hyperostosis in the implantation base in 80% and paranasal sinus invasion in 28.6%. A Sipmson grade 1 resection was achieved in every case. A patient died due to a postoperative pneumonia. Postoperative hospitalization time was between 3 and 20 days and at discharge all patients had a Glasgow Outcome Scale grade 4-5. The mean follow-up was 55.2 months. Two patients had postoperative transient rhinolicuorrhea and an additional patient developed hydrocephalus. An asymptomatic recurrence have been identified in a patient four years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience the bifrontal approach allowed the radical removal of huge olfactory groove meningiomas. The microdissection of the anterior cerebral artery A2 segments is possible thanks to the arachnoidal plane between vessels and tumor. Tumoral blood flow is secured by the early approaching of the base of the tumor and preoperative embolization is not necessary. Bifrontal approach allows an aggressive treatment of the hyperostosis, bone infiltration and paranasal sinus invasion. Anterior fossa reconstruction is done using a vascularized periosteal flap.

[Trigonal cavernous angioma: case report]. / Angioma cavernoso del trígono ventricular. Caso clínico.

The authors report on an intraventricular cavernous angioma located at the right trigone in a 25-year-old male patient presented with a predominantly intralesional haemorrhage. Neuroimaging led to an accurate preoperative diagnosis although the typical low intensity perilesional ring of gliosis and hemosiderin was not present. The lesion was microsurgically removed using an stereotactically guided posterior temporal transsulcal approach.

[Facial nerve palsy due to cavernous angioma of the petrous bone. Case report]. / Parálisis facial por angioma cavernoso del peñasco. Caso clínico.

The facial nerve palsy due to extrinsic tumoral compression of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglium is very rare. We present the case of a patient with a temporal bone cavernoma and symptoms of a torpid peripheral facial House-Brackmann grade IV nerve palsy with dry eye and loss of stapedial reflex. The routine computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging studies showed no abnormalities, but the same imaging techniques done after the clinical suspiction identified a less that 1cm lesion that was compatible with an osseous cavernous angioma. The lesion was approached and removed through a microsurgical middle fossa extradural approach with a good postoperative recovery (House-Brackmann grade II).

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with PML in AIDS: a treatable disorder.

An HIV-1-infected patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presented clinical deterioration and contrast-enhancing lesions on brain nuclear MR after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Brain biopsy identified an inflammatory reaction compatible with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Treatment with corticosteroids and transient suppression of HAART led to marked neurologic improvement.

[Giant intracranial aneurysms]. / Aneurismas cerebrales gigantes.

AIM: Terminology, concept, pathology and phisiopathology, clinical presentation, imaging diagnosis and treatment of the giant intracranial aneurysms are reviewed. DEVELOPMENT: Saccular, fusiform, dissecting and serpentine giant aneurysms are discussed. Giant saccular aneurysms are developed from small regular congenital lesions growing far away of their critical rupture size due to the reinforcement of their wall. Fusiform and dissecting aneurysms are formed after a wide rupture of some of their wall layers and, therefore, both of them are considered to have some similarities. Finally, serpentine aneurysms are rare lesions and their growing mechanism is still under discussion. CONCLUSION: Any type of giant aneurysm represents a great deal for the neurosurgical management.

Profilaxis de la transmisión vertical del VIH con zidovudina y lamivudina y neutropenia autoinmune / Prophylaxis against vertical human immunodeficiency virus with zidovudine and lamivudine and autoimmune neutropenia

La transmisión maternofetal es la principal causa de contagio por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en niños. La zidovudina (AZT) reduce el riesgo de transmisión vertical. La supresión de la medula ósea, incluyendo anemia y neutropenia, es el mayor efecto tóxico dosisdependiente limitante de la AZT. Excepcionalmente, se ha descrito neutropenia inducida por AZT en presencia de anticuerpos antineutrófilo en niños infectados por el VIH. En niños con infección VIH, se aprecia, con frecuencia, neutropenia como resultado de múltiples causas. La prevalencia de anticuerpos antineutrófilo es frecuente en estos pacientes, pero no parece que exista relación con la evolución a neutropenia. Hay pocos estudios sobre los efectos secundarios de la AZT en niños expuestos desde el periodo perinatal o sobre las posibles consecuencias de la exposición al VIH. Se presenta el caso de una recién nacida que recibe tratamiento para reducir la transmisión vertical por VIH y desarrolla una neutropenia en presencia de anticuerpos antineutrófilo. Esta rara complicación no ha sido descrita previamente en ningún niño expuesto de forma perinatal al VIH y tratado con zidovudina o lamivudina

Mother-to-infant transmission is the major means of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in children, Zidovudine (AZT) reduces the risk of vertical transmission, Bone marrow suppression, associated with disorders that include anemia and neutropenia, is the major dose-limiting toxic effect of AZT. On rare occasions, AZT-induced neutropenia in the presence of antineutrophil antibodies has been reported in HIVinfected children, Neutropenia is frequently detected in these patients and can have multiple causes. Antineutrophil antibodies are also prevalent, but their presence does not appear to correlate with the development of neutropenia. There are few studies on the secondary effects of AZT in children exposed during the perinatal period or on the possible consequences of exposure to HIV. We present the case of a newborn who, after treatment to reduce vertical HIV transmission, developed neutropenia in the presence of antineutrophil antibodies. To the best of our knowledge, this rare complication has not been reported previously in a child perinatally exposed to HIV and treated with zidovudine or lamivudine

Cerebral solitary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: report of two cases and review of the literature.

Cerebral solitary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a very uncommon condition. We describe two new cases: a 30-year-old man with seizures and a tumour in the left frontal lobe, which was composed of a polymorphic infiltrate with a predominance of histiocytes and eosinophils; and a 65-year-old man with headaches and dysarthria, with a left parietal tumour, which showed a diffuse proliferation of histiocytic cells and areas of necrosis. In both cases, the histiocytes were strongly positive for S-100 and CD1a, and Birbeck's granules were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the first case. Both patients underwent a complete excision of their lesions. The second patient received additional postoperative radiotherapy. They were asymptomatic after 26 and 27 months, respectively. It seems that cerebral solitary LCH is a clinicopathological entity with a good outcome. Only 15 cases of this rare process have been previously reported in the English literature.

[Neurosurgical treatment of acoustic neuromas without indication for radiosurgery]. / Tratamiento neuroquirùrgico de los neurinomas del acùstico sin indicación de tratamiento con radiocirugía

The aim of this paper is to review the specific problems of the microsurgical management of the acoustic neuromas not suitable for radiosurgical treatment , that is measuring more than 8 cc in volume or 2.5 cm in maximum diameter in the cerebelopontine angle. A total of 18 lesions have been included with a mean volume of 27.4 cc, representing a lesion measuring 3.8 cm in its three main diameters. The mean follow-up has been 48.7 months. There has been no mortality. All lesions were completely excised without recurrences. The anatomic conservation of the facial nerve was achieved in the 66.7% of the cases but the functional recovery (House-Brackmann grades I-II) was reached only in the 27.8%, without any grade I case. As permanent deficit all patients had postoperative cophosis, two had trigeminal hyposthesia with corneal anesthesia and one had a cerebellar deficit. The main conclussion is that the microsurgical radical resection of large acoustic neuromas not suitable for radiosurgical treatment is followed by a high postoperative morbidity mainly related with the facial nerve lesion. Therefore, it seems rationale to design specific strategies directed to reduce and alleviate these permanent deficits.

La asistencia urgente del infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en España: objetivos y diseño del Registro en Emergencias del Infarto de Miocardio (RESIM) / Emergency care of acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation in Spain: Aims and design of registry of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency departments (RESIM)

Objetivos: RESIM es un registro diseñado para estudiar las características de la atención al infarto agudo de miocardio en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios españoles. Los objetivos de este estudio son conocer las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes, analizar las demoras hasta la llegada al hospital y el inicio del tratamiento y describir las estrategias de manejo y la utilización del tratamiento fibrinolítico en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico y observacional realizado en el ámbito de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios españoles. Se incluyen de forma consecutiva los pacientes asistidos por síndrome coronario con elevación del segmento ST o bloqueo de rama agudo. Se recogen las variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, horarios de asistencia y actuaciones realizadas tanto en el nivel prehospitalario como hospitalario. Se analiza la mortalidad en el servicio de urgencias, la mortalidad hospitalaria y la mortalidad a 30 días. Conclusiones: RESIM es el primer registro español de la asistencia del infarto de miocardio con ST elevado en urgencias, por lo que aportará información hasta ahora desconocida sobre el papel de los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios en el manejo de estos pacientes. RESIM constituye una herramienta útil para la mejora continua de la calidad del proceso asistencial de estos pacientes (AU)

[Effects of valproate on sexual development]. / Efectos del ácido valproico sobre el desarrollo sexual.

INTRODUCTION: Valproate use in young girls has been associated with the adverse endocrinological effects of weight gain and hyperandrogenism. Furthermore, polycystic ovaries and hyperinsulinism have been described in adult women. In men and young boys, however, the possible adverse endocrinological effects of valproate have scarcely been analyzed. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of valproate treatment on pubertal development, especially the possible hyperandrogenic effects, in girls and boys with epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-three girls and 15 boys (aged 8-16 years old) who were undergoing valproate treatment for epilepsy were compared with 15 control girls and 10 control boys of the same age range. Anthropometric indexes, sexual maturation, and hirsutism scores were evaluated. Serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, and insulin were measured. Ultrasound examination of ovaries and estimation of bone age through X-ray of the left hand were also performed. RESULTS: Valproate did not affect pubertal development in the study group. No hirsutism or polycystic ovaries were found. Increases in weight, relative weight, and body mass index were observed in the group undergoing valproate treatment, but no statistically significant differences compared with the control group were found. Plasma testosterone was higher in valproate-treated girls (0.71 0.51 ng/ml) than in control girls (0.35 0.15) (p 0.001). This finding was independent of valproate dose and treatment duration. Hyperandrogenism was not found in valproate-treated boys. CONCLUSIONS: Valproate may induce hyperandrogenism in epileptic girls but not in boys. This is an early adverse effect and is independent of the dose used. No changes in normal pubertal development or physical repercussions were found in epileptic patients.

Efectos del ácido valproico sobre el desarrollo sexual / Effects ofvalproate on sexual development

Introducción La utilización del ácido valproico se ha relacionado en niñas y adolescentes con efectos adversos endocrinológicos: ganancia de peso e hiperandrogenismo. Además, en mujeres adultas se han descrito ovarios poliquísticos e hiperinsulinismo. En varones apenas se han estudiado los posibles efectos adversos endocrinológicos. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del ácido valproico en el desarrollo puberal en chicas y en chicos epilépticos, en especial relación con su posible efecto hiperandrogénico. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 23 chicas y 15 chicos (entre 8 y 16 años) epilépticos, tratados con ácido valproico, se compararon con 15 niñas control y 10 niños control del mismo rango de edad. Se valoraron índices antropométricos y las escalas de desarrollo sexual e hiperandrogenismo. Se midieron las concentraciones séricas de hormona foliculostimulante (FSH) y luteinizante (LH), testosterona, androstendiona, deshidroepiandrosterona, estradiol e insulina. Se valoraron los ovarios mediante ecografía y la edad ósea mediante radiografía de la mano izquierda. Resultados: El ácido valproico no afectó el desarrollo puberal en el grupo estudio. No se apreció hirsutismo ni ovarios poliquísticos. Se observó un aumento de peso, peso relativo e índice de masa corporal, pero sin que existieran diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto al grupo control. La testosterona plasmática en las niñas tratadas (0,71 0,51 ng/ml) fue mayor que en el grupo control (0,35 0,15) (p 0,001) y este hallazgo fue independiente del tiempo de tratamiento o de la dosis empleada. En los chicos tratados no se encontró hiperandrogenismo. Conclusiones: El ácido valproico induce hiperandrogenismo analítico en niñas epilépticas, pero no en niños. Este es un efecto adverso precoz e independiente de la dosis. No hay cambios en el desarrollo puberal normal ni repercusión clínica en los/as pacientes epilépticos/as (AU)