Association Between Probable Awake Bruxism and School Bullying in Children and Adolescents: A Case-Control Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between probable awake bruxism (PAB) and school bullying in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 380 children and adolescents enrolled in public and private schools in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, participated in this case-control study. The case group (190 children with PAB) and the control group (190 children without PAB) were matched for sex and age. Data acquisition involved questionnaires administered to the children/adolescents and their parents/caregivers. An oral clinical examination to assess attrition tooth wear was also performed. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses (95 percent confidence interval [95% CI], P<0.05) were conducted. Results: Among the 380 participants, 176 (46.3 percent) were male and 204 (53.7 percent) were female. Children and adolescents who were involved in bullying episodes as victims/bullies (odds ratio [OR] equals 2.92, 95% CI equals 1.07 to 7.95, P=0.036) and victims (OR equals 1.93, 95% CI equals 1.04 to 3.57, P=0.037) were significantly associated with PAB. Children and adolescents who reported sleep problems (OR equals 2.51, 95% CI equals 1.07 to 5.89, P=0.033) were significantly associated with PAB. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was observed that probable awake bruxism is associated with involvement in episodes of school bullying and sleep problems.

Association between the severity of possible sleep bruxism and possible awake bruxism and attrition tooth wear facets in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the severity of possible sleep bruxism (PSB) and possible awake bruxism (PAB) and attrition tooth wear facets (ATWF) in children/adolescents. METHODS: Four hundred-thirty-four children/adolescents enrolled in schools in Lavras, Brazil, participated in this cross-sectional study. Caregivers answered a questionnaire about their childrens' PSB. Children/adolescents answered a questionnaire about the occurrence of PAB. RESULTS: ATWF among individuals without PSB and PAB was lower than those with moderate/severe PSB (p = 0.038) and moderate/severe PAB (p = 0.003). ATWF in anterior teeth was lower among individuals without PSB compared to those with mild (p = 0.015) and moderate/severe PSB (p = 0.032). ATWF in posterior teeth was lower among individuals without PAB compared to those with mild (p = 0.046) and moderate/severe PAB (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: The number of attrition tooth wear facets is proportional to the severity of PSB and PAB.

Association between possible awake bruxism and bullying among 8- to 11-year-old children/adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Bruxism is characterized by tooth grinding and/or clenching. AIM: To evaluate the association between possible awake bruxism (PAB) and bullying among individuals aged 8-11 years. DESIGN: A representative cross-sectional study was conducted with 434 eight- to eleven-year-old children/adolescents. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire to provide data on sociodemographic characteristics. Children/adolescents answered a questionnaire about the occurrence of PAB. The Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used. The Poisson regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of the 434 children/adolescents, 209 (48.2%) were boys and 225 (51.8%) were girls. The mean age of the children/adolescents was 9.14 years (±1.00). Children/adolescents who were victims of bullying (PR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.14-2.04, P = .005) and bullies-victims (PR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.36-3.17, P = .001) presented a higher frequency of PAB than those who were not involved in bullying. CONCLUSION: Children/adolescents who were bullying victims and bullies-victims had a higher frequency of PAB.

Associação entre provável bruxismo em vigília e bullying escolar entre crianças e adolescentes: um estudo caso-controle / Association between probable awake bruxism and school bullying in children and adolescents: a case-control study

O bruxismo é caracterizado por uma atividade muscular mastigatória rítmica e não rítmica que pode ser classificada em bruxismo do sono (BS) e bruxismo em vigília (BV). Fatores emocionais e psicológicos estão intimamente relacionados a essa atividade. O bullying escolar pode causar alterações emocionais em indivíduos que são vítimas dessa prática, sendo assim, há uma hipótese de que a prática de bullying escolar poderia predispor ao BS e BV. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar através de um estudo caso-controle aninhado a um estudo transversal, a associação entre provável bruxismo em vigília (PBV) e bullying escolar entre crianças e adolescentes matriculados do 3º ao 5º ano (8 a 11 anos) do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A amostra deste estudo foi composta por crianças/adolescentes que participaram do estudo transversal realizado previamente e seus pais/responsáveis. Os indivíduos foram distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência do PBV. O grupo caso foi composto por 190 crianças/adolescentes com PBV e o grupo controle foi composto por 190 crianças/adolescentes sem PBV. Os grupos foram pareados por sexo e idade na proporção de 1:1. Os pais/responsáveis responderam a um questionário sobre as características do sono do seu filho e outro questionário sobre fatores sociodemográficos. As crianças/ adolescentes responderam um questionário com questões sobre costumes, qualidade do sono e ocorrência de PBV e à versão brasileira do Olweus Bully / Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ). Um exame clínico intraoral para avaliar o desgaste dentário por atrito também foi realizado por um único examinador previamente calibrado. O diagnóstico de PBV baseou-se na frequência de relato de crianças e adolescentes somada às informações do diagnóstico de desgaste dentário por atrito avaliado no exame clínico. Todos os dados foram analisados através do programa SPSS para Windows (versão 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, EUA). Foram feitas análise descritiva dos dados e análises de regressão logística condicional não ajustada e ajustada para verificar a força de associação entre o PBV e bullying escolar. Razão de chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC) foram fornecidos. A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p <0,05. Entre os 380 participantes, 176 (46,3%) eram meninos e 204 (53,7%) eram meninas. Do total de crianças e adolescentes envolvidos em bullying 23,2% (n=88), 65.9% (n=58) possuíam PBV. Crianças e adolescentes vítimas-agressoras de bullying (RC= 2,92, IC 95% 1,07 a 7,95, p = 0,036), somente vítimas de bullying (RC = 1,93, IC 95% 1,04 a 3,57, p = 0,037) e que apresentaram problemas para dormir problemas para dormir (RC= 2,51, IC de 95% 1,07 a 5,89, p = 0,033) e problemas para dormir às vezes (RC= 1,94, IC de 95% 1,23 a 3,06, p = 0,004) tiveram maior probabilidade de apresentar PBV. Os fatores sociodemográficos (escolaridade dos pais, renda mensal familiar) e fatores comportamentais não foram associados ao PBV. Em conclusão, PBV em crianças e adolescentes de 8 a 11 anos foi associado ao envolvimento em episódios de bullying escolar e problemas para dormir.

Bruxism is characterize by rhythmic and non-rhythmic masticatory muscle activity that can be named in sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB). Emotional and psychological factors are closely related to this activity. School bullying can cause emotional changes in students, so there is a hypothesis that the practice of school bullying could predispose to SB and AB. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a case-control study nested in a cross-sectional study, an association between probable awake bruxism (PAB) and bullying among children and adolescents, aged 8 to 11 years, enrolled of public and private schools from Lavras, Brazil. The sample of this study was consisted by children/adolescents who participated in the crosssectional study previously carried out and their parents/caregivers. Children/adolescents were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of the PAB. The case group was composed by 190 children/adolescents with PAB and the control group was composed by 190 children/adolescents without PAB. The groups were matched for sex and age at a proportion of 1:1. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire about their child's sleep characteristics and another questionnaire about sociodemographic factors. The children/adolescents answered a questionnaire about customs, sleep quality and occurrence of PAB and the Brazilian version of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ). An intraoral clinical examination to assess tooth wear by attrition was conducted by a single examiner, previously calibrated. The diagnosis of PAB was based on the frequency of reports by children and adolescents added to the information on the diagnosis of tooth wear by attrition assessed in a clinical examination. All data were evaluated using the SPSS for Windows program (version 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, USA). Descriptive analysis and unadjusted and adjusted conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to verify the strength of association between PAB and bullying. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were provided. Statistical significance was estimated at p <0.05. Among the 380 participants, 176 (46.3%) were boys and 204 (53.7%) were girls. Overall number of children and adolescents involved in bullying was 23.2% (n = 88), 65.9% (n = 58) had PAB. Children and adolescents who were bullies-victims of bullying (OR= 2,92, IC 95% 1,07 a 7,95, p = 0,036) and those who were victims of bullying (OR = 1,93, IC 95% 1,04 a 3,57, p = 0,037) were more likely to present PAB than children and adolescents who were not involved in episodes of bullying at school. Children/adolescents that reported sleep problems (OR= 2,51, IC de 95% 1,07 a 5,89, p = 0,033) and sleep problems sometimes (OR= 1,94, IC de 95% 1,23 a 3,06, p = 0,004), are more likely to have PAB. Sociodemographic factors (schooling, monthly family income) and behavioral factors were not associated with PAB. In conclusion, PAB in children and adolescents aged 8 to 11 years was associated with involvement in episodes of school bullying and sleep problems.