High-intensity interval training is not superior to continuous aerobic training in reducing body fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Background/Objective: Guidelines on obesity management reinforce regular exercise to reduce body fat. Exercise modalities, including high-intensity interval training (HIIT), appear to produce a similar effect to continuous aerobic training (CAT) on body fat. However, they have not addressed the chronic effect of HIIT vs. CAT on body fat assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Thus, we compared the effectiveness of CAT vs. HIIT protocols on body fat (absolute or relative) (%BF) and abdominal visceral fat reduction, assessed by DEXA, in adults with overweight and obesity. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) including both female or male adults with excess body weight. We performed searches in the databases MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science and Cochrane. Results: In our analysis (11 RCTs), we found no greater benefit on %BF of HIIT vs. CAT (MD -0.55%, 95% CI -1.42 to 0.31; p = 0.209). As for abdominal visceral fat, no training modality was superior (SMD: -0.05, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.19; p = 0.997). Regarding secondary outcomes (body weight, BMI, VO2 max, glycemic and lipid profiles), HIIT shows greater benefit than CAT in increasing VO2 max and fasting blood glucose and reducing total cholesterol. Conclusion: HIIT is not superior to CAT in reducing %BF or abdominal visceral fat in individuals characterized by excess weight. However, HIIT showed beneficial effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose when compared to CAT.

Effects of myocardial infarction and an intensive exercise bout on kinetic of lactate, and LDH-B levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the kinetics of lactate and lactate dehydrogenase B (LDH-B) protein levels as well as the maximum effort capacity of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with experimental acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: thirty-two SHRs were divided into (n=8/group): S (sham), SE (sham+exercise), I (AMI), and IE (AMI+exercise). A maximum exercise test (treadmill) was evaluated before AMI or sham surgery. Echocardiography was performed 48h after the surgery. Lactacidemia was assessed at rest and during an intense exercise bout (48h after echocardiography). A two-way ANOVA followed by the post-hoc (Bonferroni) test was used, p<0.05. Results: In the end, the heart was removed for analysis of LDH-B. AMI resulted in lower cardiac output (S vs I: ∆51.3%, p<0.001), ejection fraction (S vs I: ∆60.5%, p<0.001) and shortening fraction (S vs I: ∆72.4%, p<0.001). The IE showed a reduction in exercise capacity when compared with pre-AMI values (1.50±0.1 vs 1.38±0.2 km/h; p=0.030) but not when compared with SE (1.41±0.3 vs 1.38±0.2 km/h; p=0.208). During the exhaustion exercise session, IE group showed lower lactacidemia at 12 min (∆9.7%, p=0.042) and 18 min (∆8.3%, p=0.038). No differences were observed in the protein level of LDH-B among the groups (p=0.573). However, when the AMI factor was considered alone, LDH-B expression was lower (sham vs AMI rats, p=0.040). Conclusion: LDH-B protein levels in cardiac tissue appear to be associated with AMI only. Furthermore, AMI induced a reduction in exercise capacity but did not affect lactacidemia during the intense exercise bout.(AU)

Respostas de lactato, esforço percebido, frequência cardíaca, triptofano, prolactina e ácidos graxos à série de natação na velocidade crítica / Responses of lactate, perceived exertion, heart rate, tryptophan, prolactin and fatty acid in swimming series held in critical speed / Respuestas de lactato, esfuerzo percibido, frecuencia cardíaca, triptófano, prolactina y ácidos grasos en serie de natación en la velocidad crítica

O estudo avaliou, na intensidade de 100% da velocidade crítica (VC), o comportamento de concentração de lactato sanguíneo ([LA]), esforço percebido (EP), frequência cardíaca (FC), concentrações plasmáticas de triptofano [TRP], de prolactina ([PRL]) e de ácidos graxos livres ([AGL]). Catorze nadadores realizaram dois protocolos distintos: 1) repetições de 200 e 400 m, em máxima intensidade (V200 e V400) para a determinação da VC; 2) série VC (repetições de 400 m), com intervalos de 40 s. Os principais resultados foram: (1) [TRP] e [AGL] não apresentaram diferenças entre repouso e exaustão (p > 0,05); (2) aumento da [PRL], da [LA], da FC e do EP (p < 0,05) ao longo da série VC. Assim o aumento da [PRL] pode indicar manifestação de fadiga central na intensidade correspondente à VC.

The study assessed, at the intensity of 100% of the critical speed (CS), the behavior of blood lactate concentration ([La]), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), plasma concentrations of tryptophan [TRP] of prolactin ([PRL]) and free fatty acids ([FFA]). Fourteen swimmers performed two protocols: 1) trials of 200 and 400 m at maximum intensity (V200 and V400) for the CS, 2) CS series (trials of 400 m), and rest intervals of 40 s. The main results were: (1) [TRP] and [FFA] did not differ between rest and exhaustion (p> 0.05), (2) increased [PRL], the [La], HR and RPE (p <0.05) throughout the series CS. Thus the increase in [PRL] may indicate manifestation of central fatigue in intensity corresponding to the CS.

Este estudio evaluó, en la intensidad del 100% de la velocidad crítica (CV), el comportamiento de la concentración de lactato en la sangre ([LA]), esfuerzo percibido (PE), frecuencia cardíaca (FC), concentración plasmática de triptófano [TRP], prolactina ([PRL]) y de ácidos grasos libres ([AGL]). Catorce nadadores realizaron dos protocolos: 1) repeticiones de 200 y 400 m en máxima intensidad (V200 y V400) para la determinación de la CV, 2) serie VC (repeticiones de 400 m), con intervalos de 40 s. Los principales resultados fueron: (1) [TRP] y [FFA] no fueran diferentes entre el descanso y el agotamiento (p> 0,05), (2) mayores [PRL], [LA], FC y EP (p <0,05) a lo largo de la serie VC. Por lo tanto, el aumento de [PRL] pude indicar manifestación de fatiga central en la intensidad correspondiente a la VC.

Serum S100B level increases after running but not cycling exercise.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of running versus cycling exercises upon serum S100B levels and typical markers of skeletal muscle damage such as creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and myoglobin (Mb). Although recent work demonstrates that S100B is highly expressed and exerts functional properties in skeletal muscle, there is no previous study that tries to establish a relationship between muscle damage and serum S100B levels after exercise. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 13 male triathletes. They completed 2 submaximal exercise protocols at anaerobic threshold intensity. Running was performed on a treadmill with no inclination (RUN) and cycling (CYC) using a cycle-simulator. Three blood samples were taken before (PRE), immediately after (POST) and 1 h after exercise for CK, AST, Mb and S100B assessments. We found a significant increase in serum S100B levels and muscle damage markers in RUN POST compared with RUN PRE. Comparing groups, POST S100B, CK, AST and Mb serum levels were higher in RUN than CYC. Only in RUN, the area under the curve (AUC) of serum S100B is positively correlated with AUC of CK and Mb. Therefore, immediately after an intense exercise such as running, but not cycling, serum levels of S100B protein increase in parallel with levels of CK, AST and Mb. Additionally, the positive correlation between S100B and CK and Mb points to S100B as an acute biomarker of muscle damage after running exercise.

Combined effects of aerobic exercise and high-carbohydrate meal on plasma acylated ghrelin and levels of hunger.

The present study investigated the effect of an aerobic exercise bout associated with a high-carbohydrate (CHO) meal on plasma levels of acylated ghrelin and hunger sensation. Eight healthy males performed an exercise (ET) and a control (CT) trial. In ET, participants performed a 60-min cycling exercise (∼70% of maximal oxygen uptake) after consuming a high-CHO meal. In the CT, participants remained at rest throughout the whole period after consuming the high-CHO meal. Hunger sensation was assessed and blood samples were taken to determine the levels of acylated ghrelin, glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). There was suppression of hunger after consuming the meal in ET and CT (p = 0.028 and p = 0.011, respectively). Hunger increased in CT in the period correspondent to the exercise session (p = 0.017) and remained suppressed in the ET. The area under the curve for acylated ghrelin showed that its levels were lower in the ET compared with CT in the period of the exercise plus the immediate period (1 h) postexercise (60.7 vs. 96.75 pg·mL(-1)·2 h(-1), respectively; p = 0.04). Inverse correlations between acylated ghrelin levels and insulin, TC, and TG levels at different time points were observed. In conclusion, these findings suggest that 1 bout of aerobic exercise maintains the meal-induced suppression of hunger. The mechanism underlying this effect may involve the exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin. These results implicate that the combination of a high-CHO meal and aerobic exercise may effectively improve appetite control and body weight management.

Hormonal responses to concurrent strength and endurance training with different exercise orders.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the intrasession sequencing of concurrent strength and aerobic training on the acute testosterone (TT) and cortisol (COR) responses. Ten recreationally strength-trained young men (23.5 ± 0.9 years) performed 2 exercise interventions: aerobic-strength (AS) and strength-aerobic (SA), which consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer at 75% of maximal heart rate and 3 sets of 8 repetitions at 75% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in 4 strength exercises. Maximal heart rate was determined using a maximal incremental test on a cycle ergometer. Blood samples were collected before, between exercise modalities, and immediately after the concurrent training sessions to determine basal and acute total TT and COR concentrations. There were significant increases in TT after the first modality in both exercise orders (p < 0.05). However, the TT level remained significantly higher than the resting levels after the second exercise modality only in the AS (p < 0.05) which resulted in a significant higher relative total change after the complete concurrent training session compared with SA (p < 0.05). Regarding COR, there were significant increases after the first modality in both AS and SA orders (p < 0.05), but the COR returned to resting levels after the second modality in both AS and SA interventions. During AS and SA, the change observed after the first modality performance was greater than that after the second in both hormones. The present results suggest that the TT response is optimized after the AS order, whereas both AS and SA produced similar hormonal levels at all time points. However, it is important to state that the present results should be applied only when short duration and moderate intensity aerobic training is performed.