ABSTRACT
In this study, the molluscicidal activities against Biomphalaria glabrata and cercaricidal activities against Schistosoma mansoni of the ether extract of Ramalina aspera were evaluated. Additionally, toxicity parameters were evaluated at sublethal doses in terms of the influence of the extract on the fertility and fecundity of snails, as well as morphological alterations and quantification of their immunological cells. A test with Artemia salina was also carried out, in order to verify the environmental toxicity of the compound. The ether extract of R. aspera, in which divaricatic acid was identified as the major compound, demonstrated molluscicidal activity at low concentrations against both embryos (LC90 of 22.78, 24.23, 16.63 and 16.03 µg mL-1 for the gastrula, blastula, trochophore and veliger, respectively) and against adult snails (LC90 of 8.66 µg mL-1), after 24 h of exposure. At the sublethal doses, it was possible to observe a decrease in fecundity and quantitative and morphological changes in the defense cells of the exposed snails. In addition, the extract of R. aspera showed a cercaricidal effect on S. mansoni from the concentration of 5.0 µg mL-1, while showing low toxicity to Artemia salina. The ether extract of R. aspera demonstrated effective molluscicidal activity on embryos and adult snails of the species B. glabrata, cercariae of S. mansoni, and presenting low toxicity on Artemia salina. In this way, it could be considered a promising compound in the development of future molluscicidal and cercaricidal agents, thus helping to combat schistosomiasis.
Subject(s)
Biomphalaria/drug effects , Lichens/chemistry , Molluscacides/pharmacology , Schistosoma mansoni/drug effects , Animals , Artemia/drug effects , Cercaria/drug effects , Molluscacides/chemistryABSTRACT
This text presents complementary data corresponding to schistosomiasis mansoni׳s vector control and toxicity on Schistosoma mansoni cercariae using potassium usnate. This information support our research article "Potassium Usnate Toxicity Against Embryonic Stages of the Snail Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni Cercariae" [1], and focuses on the analysis of the detailed data regarding the different concentrations of potassium usnate and their efficiency to B. glabrata mortality and non-viability and S. mansoni cercariae mortality etiologic agent of the disease.
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the biological activity of an ether extract and barbatic acid (BAR) from Cladia aggregata on embryos and adult mollusks of Biomphalaria glabrata, cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the microcrustacean Artemia salina. The ether extract and BAR were obtained by successive extractions with diethyl ether. The obtained extracts were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the ether extract exerted embryotoxic effects at 50 and 100 µg/mL and molluscicidal effects at 20 and 25 µg/mL. BAR exhibited no embryotoxicity, and its molluscicidal concentration was equal to that of the ether extract. However, after 60 min of exposure, 1 µg/mL BAR presented cercaricidal activity against the parasite S. mansoni at the second larval stage. Neither substance induced toxicity against A. salina. These results indicate the potential molluscicidal activities of the ether extract and BAR against B. glabrata and S. mansoni cercariae. In addition to these effects, there was a lack of toxicity against the aquatic environment and no damage to the biota, indicating the potential of these products for large-scale control and/or eradication of schistosomiasis.
Subject(s)
Biomphalaria/drug effects , Phthalic Acids/pharmacology , Phthalic Acids/therapeutic use , Schistosomiasis/drug therapy , Animals , Artemia/drug effects , Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects , Ether , Molluscacides/chemistry , Molluscacides/pharmacology , Molluscacides/therapeutic use , Phthalic Acids/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Schistosoma mansoni/drug effects , Schistosomiasis/parasitology , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. were evaluated. Barbatic acid, depside obtained from C. aggregata, was spectroscopically analyzed and tested, as well as organic extracts. The extracts and purified substance were tested against four Staphylococcus aureus multi-resistant strains. The structure of barbatic acid was confirmed through NMR (¹H; 13C) and elemental ® analysis. Biochromatographic assays showed action of this compound, along with other substances contained in organic extracts, suggesting a synergic action, MIC assays placed barbatic acid in the same level of inhibition to other studied lichen substances.
A composição química e a atividade antimicrobiana da Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. foram avaliadas. O ácido barbático, um depsideo obtido da C. aggregata, foi espectroscopicamente analisado e testado, bem como o extrato orgânico. o extrato e a substância purificada foram testadas contra 4 linhagens de Staphylococcus aureus multi resistentes. A estrutura do ácido barbático foi confirmada através de ensaios de CCD, CLAE, IV, RMN (¹H;13C), UV e analise elementar (r). O biocromatograma mostrou a ação deste composto junto com outras substâncias contidas no extrato orgânico, sugerindo a ação sinérgica, a CMI do ácido barbático mostrou o mesmo nível de inibição de outras substâncias liquênicas.
