Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Portugal.

Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting both domestic and wild ruminants. The agent was also found in wild mammals such as wild boar (Sus scrofa); however, the role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of MAP is unclear. During the research period, 941 free-ranging wild boar (S. scrofa) legally hunted in two locations in the central-eastern region of Portugal were examined. Ninety-seven wild boars exhibited one or more gross lesions and were tested for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using acid-fast staining, mycobacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and histopathological examination. Forty-five animals (46.4%, 95% CI: 36.5-56.3%) were identified as infected, as indicated by positive results in culture and/or PCR. The findings revealed that the most significant risk factor was being a juvenile compared to yearlings and adults (OR = 10.2, 95% CI: 2.2-48.0). Based on our results, 37.9% (n = 11) of the infected animals were considered suitable for human consumption. Our findings offer novel insights into mycobacterial infections in wild boar populations in Portugal and suggest that wild boar could be a source of human infection if zoonotic potential is considered.

Burnout in medical students: A longitudinal study in a Portuguese medical school.

Background: Burnout is highly prevalent among medical students. This study aimed to assess burnout levels over the course of a semester and identify variables that might explain burnout's variance over time. Method: This longitudinal study involved medical students from a Portuguese school. Participants completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Mental Health Inventory-5, along with questions related to social support, help-seeking behaviours, academic performance, mental health and lifestyle assessment at the beginning (first phase), middle (second phase) and end (third phase) of the first semester of 2018-2019 academic year. Results: A total of 108 participants provided responses in all phases (paired sample). The prevalence of burnout in the first phase was 28.2%, which increased to 34% in the second and 39.5% in the third. To explore factors contributing to burnout levels, we used the 332 responses obtained in the third phase (non-paired sample). Higher burnout levels were associated with poor academic performance, mental health stigma, consumption of tranquillisers and living away from home. Conversely, they were negatively associated with social support and a healthy lifestyle. Conclusions: The study reveals a high prevalence of burnout among medical students, with burnout levels increasing throughout the semester. These levels are influenced by modifiable variables.

A importância da resiliência e de um suporte social efetivo na vivência da gravidez e maternidade precoces / The importance of resilience and effective social support in the experience of early pregnancy and motherhood / La importancia de la resiliencia y de un soporte social efectivo en la vivencia del embarazo y maternidad precoces

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudo baseado no processo de intervenção de uma família que vivenciou uma gravidez e maternidade adolescente, não planeada, fruto de uma relação ocasional através de correspondência virtual. A resiliência constitui uma das variáveis descritas na literatura que parece conferir proteção para a adaptação à maternidade e que interfere no processo de vinculação. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da resiliência e de um suporte social efetivo numa adolescente que tenha experienciado gravidez e/ou maternidade precoces. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de caso não experimental, qualitativo, de follow-up. Avaliação e intervenção familiar desenvolvida em 3 momentos distintos, tendo sido utilizados como instrumentos de recolha de dados: entrevista, questionários, escalas e observação, tendo como referencial teórico-operativo o Modelo Dinâmico de Avaliação e Intervenção Familiar (Figueiredo, 2013). RESULTADOS: Numa primeira fase: Relação conflituosa com os progenitores, prévia à gestação precoce. No final da mesma, a jovem interrompe o seu percurso escolar. Após o parto, verificou-se uma (in)definição do papel parental: a avó exercia um papel superprotetor sobre o recém-nascido, sobrepondo-se à mãe nas diversas esferas (prestação de cuidados, vinculação). Follow-up: Exercício do papel parental da adolescente adequado, sem sobreposição de papéis. Vinculação forte e saudável entre jovem mãe e filho. Recém-nascido bem cuidado. Adolescente resiliente e satisfeita com o apoio que recebe da comunidade envolvente. Retoma o seu percurso escolar, pessoal, familiar e social. CONCLUSÕES: Mães adolescentes que beneficiam de um apoio social e familiar adequado, e que possuem fatores protetores de ordem individual e relacional conseguem atingir um nível favorável de adaptação à maternidade.

BACKGROUND: Study based on the intervention process of a family that experienced an unplanned adolescent pregnancy and motherhood, as a result of an occasional relationship through virtual correspondence. Resilience is one of the variables described in the literature that seems to confer protection for adaptation to motherhood and that interferes in the bonding process. OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the influence of resilience and effective social support in an adolescent who has experienced early pregnancy and / or maternity. METHODS: Non-experimental, qualitative, follow-up case study. Evaluation and family intervention developed in 3 different moments, using as data-gathering instruments: interview, questionnaires, scales and observation, using as a theoretical-operational reference the Dynamic Model of Family Assessment and Intervention (Figueiredo, 2013). RESULTS: In a first phase: Conflict relationship with the parents, prior to the early gestation. At the end of it, the young woman interrupts her school journey. After parturition, there was an (in) definition of the parental role: the grandmother played an overprotective role over the newborn, overlapping the mother in the various spheres (care, bonding). Follow-up: Adequate adolescent parental role exercise, without overlapping roles. Strong and healthy bonding between young mother and son. Well-baby newborn. Teen resilient and satisfied with the support she receives from the surrounding community. It resumes its school, personal, familiar and social journey. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent mothers who benefit from adequate social and family support and who have protective factors of an individual and relational nature manage to reach a favorable level of adaptation to motherhood.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Estudio basado en el proceso de intervención de una familia que vivió un embarazo y maternidad adolescente, no planeada, fruto de una relación ocasional a través de correspondencia virtual. La resiliencia constituye una de las variables descritas en la literatura que parece conferir protección para la adaptación a la maternidad y que interfiere en el proceso de vinculación. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la influencia de la resiliencia y de un soporte social efectivo en una adolescente que haya experimentado embarazo y / o maternidad precoces. METODOLOGIA: Estudio de caso no experimental, cualitativo, de seguimiento. La evaluación e intervención familiar desarrollada en 3 momentos distintos, habiendo sido utilizados como instrumentos de recogida de datos: entrevista, cuestionarios, escalas y observación, teniendo como referencial teórico-operativo el Modelo Dinámico de Evaluación e Intervención Familiar (Figueiredo, 2013). RESULTADOS: En una primera fase: Relación conflictiva con los progenitores, previa a la gestación precoz. Al final de la misma, la joven interrumpe su recorrido escolar. Después del parto, se verificó una (in) definición del papel parental: la abuela ejercía un papel superprotector sobre el recién nacido, superponiéndose a la madre en las diversas esferas (prestación de cuidados, vinculación). Seguimiento: Ejercicio del papel parental de la adolescente adecuado, sin superposición de papeles. Vinculación fuerte y saludable entre joven madre y hijo. Recién nacido bien cuidado. Adolescente resiliente y satisfecha con el apoyo que recibe de la comunidad circundante. Retoma su recorrido escolar, personal, familiar y social. CONCLUSIONES: Las madres adolescentes que se benefician de un apoyo social y familiar adecuado, y que poseen factores protectores de orden individual y relacional logran alcanzar un nivel favorable de adaptación a la maternidad.

Survey of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in road-killed wild carnivores in Portugal.

A survey to determine the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in wild carnivores in Portugal was conducted by testing samples from road-killed animals between 2009 and 2012. Postmortem examinations were performed and tissues were collected from wild carnivores representing four families and six different species, with a total of 74 animals analyzed. Cultures were performed by using Löwenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook 7H11 solid media and acid-fast isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mycobactin dependency characteristics. Tissues were also screened for MAP by directly extracting DNA and testing for the MAP-specific sequences. The occurrence of infected animals (an animal had at least one tissue that was positive for culture or direct PCR) was 27.0% (n = 20). MAP was isolated from culture of 25 tissue samples (3.8%) and was detected by direct PCR in 40 (6.0%) samples. Infection was recorded in 5/6 studied species: 7/49 (14.3%) red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 3/3 (100%) beech martens (Martes foina), 2/4 (50.0%) Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra), 7/15 (46.7%) Egyptian mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon), and 1/1 (100%) European badger (Meles meles). These species represent three different taxonomic families: Canidae (14.3% were positive), Mustelidae (75.0% were positive), and Herpestidae (46.7% were positive). The results of this study confirm the presence of MAP infection in wild carnivores in Portugal.

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in two wild Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra L.) from Portugal.

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections were found in two Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra, L. 1758) killed by vehicular trauma in February and March 2010 in Castelo Branco, Portugal. At postmortem examination, the organs showed no significant gross alterations; however, microscopically, both animals had diffuse lymphadenitis with macrophage infiltration and deposition of hyaline material in the center of the lymphoid follicles. Acid-fast organisms were isolated from gastrointestinal tissue samples via bacteriologic culture. These organisms were identified as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis by IS900 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, direct IS900 PCR-positive results were obtained for multiple organs of both animals. This is the first report of MAP infection of otters in Portugal.

IBE Promising Strategies Program 2008: "Epilepsy at School: Teaching the Teachers" - educational plan of the "Associação Brasileira de Epilepsia" with teachers of elementary school / Programa IBE Promising Strategies 2008: "Epilepsia nas Escolas: Ensinando os Professores" - plano educacional da Associação Brasileira de Epilepsia com professores de educação básica

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluate trough questionnaires the knowledge about epilepsy of Elementary School teachers obtained in the "Promising Strategies Program 2008" from International Bureau for Epilepsy entitled "Epilepsy at School. Teaching the Teachers." performed by the official Brazilian branch "Associação Brasileira de Epilepsia" (ABE). METHODS: A questionnaire was developed by ABE and it is composed by 35 objective questions concerning the following areas: concepts and definition of epilepsy and its causes (10); treatment and adverse effects of antiepileptic medication (10); popular stigma about epilepsy (5); activities of people with epilepsy (PWE) (5); and finally, first-aid during and after an epileptic seizure (5). The questionnaire was presented in phase (ph) 1 to teachers before the lecture "Epilepsy: Causes, symptoms and treatment" given by a health professional from ABE trough classical live class (CC) or by video-conference (VC) on "Rede do Saber's site" (http://www.rededosaber.sp.gov.br/portais/NotíciasConteúdo/tabid/369/language/pt-BR/IDNoticia/851/Default.aspx) and afterwards in ph 2. The results were compared to a control group of 66 teachers that did not attend any lecture. RESULTS: Classical class was given in four different cities of Brazil and VC was performed in the state of Sao Paulo and was transmitted to 74 different cities, including Sao Paulo city, this latter with 12 sites; 1,153 teachers were instructed either by CC 25 percent (288) or VC 75 percent (865). Most (78.5 percent) were female, aged between 18 to 68 years (mean 41.4); 76.6 percent attended University and 21.1 percent, graduate studies; 50 percent affirmed to know a PWE. The mean of right answers in ph 1 in CC was 78.4 percent (±10.1) and VC, 79.8 percent (±8.6) and in ph 2 in CC, 86.5 percent (±6.4) and VC, 86.8 percent (±7.1), reflecting increased knowledge in ph 2 (p<0.001) in the 2 strategies (control group: ph 1, 78.2 percent±7.4; ph 2, 79.6 percent±8.6; p>0.05). Comparison of variability of the combined action (CC+VC) between ph 1 (79.5 percent±8.6) and 2 (86.8 percent±6.8) was 9.9 percent±13.9 (p<0.001) (control group 2.3 percent±10.2; p<0.001, compared to CC+VC). The topics "popular stigma" and "first aid during seizures" had the lowest correct scores in ph 1 (CC+VC), 74.6 percent and 72.8 percent, respectively (control group 78.8±10.2 and 67.9±17.5). The highest gain (35.6 percent) in ph 2 was observed in "first aid" (control group 0.8±27.2, p<0.001) and the lowest (0.1 percent), in "popular stigma" (control group 1.7±26.4, p>0.05). There was a significant variation in the topic "first aid" in CC, 41.1 percent compared to VC, 33.3 percent (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: The educational plan of the "Associação Brasileira de Epilepsia" revealed good performance of the teachers of Elementary School without significant differences between the types of presentation (CC/VC), although CC was more efficient to teach first aid during epileptic seizures. The topic "Popular stigma about epilepsy knowledge" has not improved after the lectures and this subject still needs further research and efforts for better understanding and action planning.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar através de questionários o conhecimento obtido pela ação educativa com professores de Educação Básica intitulada "Epilepsia nas Escolas: Ensinando os Professores" no programa "Promising Strategies 2008" do International Bureau for Epilepsy realizado pelo capítulo oficial brasileiro, a Associação Brasileira de Epilepsia (ABE). MÉTODOS: Questionário foi desenvolvido pela ABE com 35 questões objetivas abrangendo os tópicos: conceitos e definições da epilepsia (10); tratamento e reações adversas de medicações antiepilépticas (10); atividades físicas e profissionais da pessoa com epilepsia (PCE) (5); conhecimento popular estigmatizante (5); cuidados básicos durante e após a crise (5). O questionário foi aplicado antes (Fase 1) e depois (Fase 2) da palestra "Epilepsia: Causas, Sintomas e Conduta" por aula presencial (AP) e videoconferência (VC) na "Rede do Saber" (http://www.rededosaber.sp.gov.br/portais/NotíciasConteúdo/tabid/369/language/pt-BR/IDNoticia/851/Default.aspx). Os resultados foram comparados a um grupo controle de 66 professores que não assistiram à aula sobre epilepsia. RESULTADOS: Aula presencial foi ministrada em quatro cidades brasileiras e VC foi transmitida a 74 cidades do estado de São Paulo, incluindo a capital, esta última com 12 sítios de transmissão. Foram instruídos 1.153 educadores por AP 25 por cento (288) e VC 75 por cento (865). A maioria (78,5 por cento) era do sexo feminino, com idades de 18 a 68 anos (média 41,4); 76,6 por cento cursaram ensino superior e 21,1 por cento, pós-graduação; 50 por cento afirmou conhecer PCE. A média de acertos na fase 1 em AP foi de 78,4 por cento (±10,1) e VC, 79,8 por cento (±8,6) e na fase 2 em AP 86,5 por cento (±6,4) e VC, 86,8 por cento (±7,1), refletindo aumento do conhecimento na fase 2 (p<0,001) nas 2 estratégias (grupo controle: fase 1, 78,2 por cento±7.4; fase 2, 79,6 por cento±8.6; p>0,05). A comparação da variação da ação conjunta (AP+VC) entre fase 1 (79,5 por cento,±8,6) e 2 (86,8 por cento,±6,8) foi de 9,9 por cento±13,9 (p<0,001) (grupo controle 2.3 por cento±10.2; p<0,001, comparado a CC+VC). Os tópicos "conhecimento estigmatizante" e "cuidados básicos" tiveram menor índice de acerto na fase 1 (AP+VC), 74,6 por cento e 72,8 por cento, respectivamente (grupo controle 78,8±10,2 e 67,9±17,5). No entanto, o maior ganho (35,6 por cento) na fase 2 se deu em "cuidados básicos" (grupo controle 0,8±27,2, p<0,001) e o menor (0,1 por cento), em "conhecimento estigmatizante" (grupo controle 1,7±26,4, p>0,05). Houve significante variação do tópico "cuidados básicos" em AP 41,1 por cento comparada à VC 33,3 por cento (p=0,009). CONCLUSÃO: A ação educativa da ABE mostrou bom aproveitamento dos educadores sem diferenças significativas entre os modos de divulgação (AP/VC), porém AP foi mais eficiente em ensinar cuidados básicos na crise epiléptica. O tópico "Conhecimento Popular Estigmatizante sobre Epilepsia" não mostrou aumento após a aula, sendo necessários esforços conjuntos em pesquisa e planejamento estratégico nessa área.

Mutagenicity and DNA adduct formation of PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH fractions of atmospheric particulate matter from São Paulo, Brazil.

Urban particulate matter (UPM) contributes to lung cancer incidence. Here, we have studied the mutagenic activity and DNA adduct-forming ability of fractionated UPM extractable organic matter (EOM). UPM was collected with a high-volume sampler in June 2004 at two sites, one at street level adjacent to a roadway and the other inside a park within the urban area of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. UPM was extracted using dichloromethane, and the resulting EOM was separated by HPLC to obtain PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH fractions which were tested for mutagenicity with the Salmonella strains TA98 and YG1041 with and without S9 metabolic activation. The PAH fraction from both sites showed negligible mutagenic activity in both strains. The highest mutagenic activity was found for the nitro-PAH fraction using YG1041 without metabolic activation; however, results were comparable for both sites. The nitro-PAH and oxy-PAH fractions were incubated with calf thymus DNA under reductive conditions appropriate for the activation of nitro aromatic compounds, then DNA adduct patterns and levels were determined with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) 32P-postlabeling method using two enrichment procedures-nuclease P1 digestion and butanol extraction. Reductively activated fractions from both sites produced diagonal radioactive zones (DRZ) of putative aromatic DNA adducts on thin layer plates with both enrichment procedures. No such DRZ were observed in control experiments using fractions from unexposed filters or from incubations without activating system. Total adduct levels produced by the nitro-PAH fractions were similar for both sites ranging from 30 to 45 adducts per 10(8) normal nucleotides. In contrast, the DNA binding of reductively activated oxy-PAH fractions was three times higher and the adduct pattern consisted of multiple discrete spots along the diagonal line on the thin layer plates. However, DNA adduct levels were not significantly different between the sampling sites. Both samples presented the same levels of mutagenic activity. The response in the Salmonella assay was typical of nitroaromatics. Although, more mutagenic activity was related to the nitro-PAH fraction in the Salmonella assay, the oxy-PAH fractions showed the highest DNA adduct levels. More studies are needed to elucidate the nature of the genotoxicants occurring in São Paulo atmospheric samples.

Cinema e psicanálise: uma análise do "complexo de édipo" no filme o homem que amava as mulheres / Cinema and psychoanalysis: an analysis of the "oedipus complex" in the movie the man who loved women

Este artigo analisa os vínculos entre cinema e psicanálise, em especial no que se refere ao uso do clássico conceito Freudiano do “Complexo de Édipo” em diversas produções cinematográficas, e em particular, no filme “ O homem que amava as mulheres”, de François Truffault. Refletindo sobre as transformações teóricas que acompanham o conceito de Freud, utiliza-se o cinema como contraponto para tentar compreender o processo de vulgarização do conhecimento psicanalítico ao nível do senso comum(AU)

Fistula congenita arterio-venosa coronaria e isquemia miocardica aguda

Paciente, sexo feminino, 68 anos de idade desenvolveu insuficiencia coronaria por fistula arterio-venosa coronaria. A cineangiocoronariografia revelou uma comunicacao entre a coronaria descendente anterior e o seio coronario. A possibilidade desta forma incomum de isquemia miocardica aguda e seu tratamento sao discutidas.

A relação do público com o museu do Instituto Butantan: Análise da exposição " Na natureza não existem vilões"

O trabalho trata da avaliação da exposição " Na natureza não existem Vilões" do Museu do Instituto Butantan. Realizou-se uma pesquisa histórica e uma pesquisa de público para saber se a opinião e o nível de aprendizado obtido após a visitação. Como conclusão, sugerem-se modificações na exposição para tornar a comunicação das mensagens propostas mais eficiente.

This paper evalues the exhbit " There are no villians in Nature" of the Butantan Institute Museum. A Historical research and audience poll were carried in out order to find out the visitors. opinion of the exhbit , to make its message more effective is presented at the end of the discussion.