Intrauterine protein restriction combined with early postnatal overfeeding was not associated with adult-onset obesity but produced glucose intolerance by pancreatic dysfunction.

We investigated if whether intrauterine protein restriction in combination with overfeeding during lactation would cause adult-onset obesity and metabolic disorders. After birth, litters from dams fed with control (17% protein) and low protein (6% protein) diets were adjusted to a size of four (CO and LO groups, respectively) or eight (CC and LC groups, respectively) pups. All of the offspring were fed a diet containing 12% protein from the time of weaning until they were 90 d old. Compared to the CC and LC groups, the CO and LO groups had higher relative and absolute food intakes, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production; lower brown adipose tissue weight and lipid content and greater weight gain and absolute and relative white adipose tissue weight and absolute lipid content. Compared with the CO and CC rats, the LC and LO rats exhibited higher relative food intake, brown adipose tissue weight and lipid content, reduced oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and spontaneous activity, increased relative retroperitoneal adipose tissue weight and unaltered absolute white adipose tissue weight and lipid content. The fasting serum glucose was similar among the groups. The area under the glucose curve was higher in the LO and CO rats than in the LC and CC rats. The basal insulinemia and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were lower in the LO group than in the other groups. The total area under the insulin curve for the LO rats was similar to the CC rats, and both were lower than the CO and LC rats. Kitt was higher in the LO, LC and CO groups than in the CC group. Thus, intrauterine protein restriction followed by overfeeding during lactation did not induce obesity, but produced glucose intolerance by impairing pancreatic function in adulthood.

A soyabean diet does not modify the activity of brown adipose tissue but alters the rate of lipolysis in the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue of male rats recovering from early-life malnutrition.

Nutritional recovery with a soyabean diet decreases body and fat weights when compared with a casein diet. We investigated whether the reduced adiposity observed in rats recovering from early-life malnutrition with a soyabean diet results from alterations in lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue (WAT) and/or brown adipose tissue (BAT). Male rats from mothers fed either 17 or 6 % protein during pregnancy and lactation were maintained on 17 % casein (CC and LC groups), 17 % soyabean (CS and LS groups) or 6 % casein (LL group) diets over 60 d. The rats maintained on a soyabean diet had similar relative food intakes, but lower body and retroperitoneal WAT weights and a reduced lipid content in the retroperitoneal WAT. The insulin levels were lower in the recovered rats and were elevated in those fed a soyabean diet. Serum T3 concentration and uncoupling protein 1 content in the BAT were decreased in the recovered rats. The thermogenic capacity of the BAT was not affected by the soyabean diet. The lipogenesis rate in the retroperitoneal WAT was similar in all of the groups except for the LL group, which had exacerbated lipogenesis. The enhancement of the lipolysis rate by isoproterenol was decreased in white adipocytes from the soyabean-recovered rats and was elevated in adipocytes from the soyabean-control rats. Thus, in animals maintained on a soyabean diet, the proportions of fat deposits are determined by the lipolysis rate, which differs depending on the previous nutritional status.

Efeitos da quitosana sobre alguns parâmetros nutricionais e bioquímicos em ratos / Effects of chitosan over some nutritional and biochemical parameters in rats

The recommendation for a larger intake of food fiber has been an important strategy for the control and prevention of obesity and its co-morbidities. Chitosan, an animal fiber, has been related to the reduction of fat uptake by the intestine, serum cholesterol and glucose, as well as appetite inhibition and weight loss. This study evaluated the effects of consuming powdered chitosan on some nutritional and biochemical parameters in adult female rats. Adult female Wistar rats (n=14) were divided in control group (GC): fed a diet based on casein and microcrystaline cellulose (AIN 93 G) for 10 days; and chitosan group(GQ): fed a diet based on casein and powdered chitosan (5%) substituting microcrystalline cellulose for 10 days. No differences were observed I the food intake, evolution of the body weight, liver weight, fat depots in the abdomen and in the carcass. Also, there were no differences in the glucose and total protein serum concentrations or in the lipid profile.The GQ presented smaller stomach and intestine (with contents) weights.However, these findings are insufficient to suggest any effect on saciety since no difference was observed in the food intake between the groups

El aumento de la ingestión de fibra alimentar ha sido una importante estrategia para el control de la obesidad y sus comorbidades. La quitosana,una fibra de origen animal, está siendo responsabilizada por reducir la absorción de grasas a nivel intestinal, disminución del colesterol y la glucosa séricos y también por la inhibición del apetito y reducción del peso corporal. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la incorporación de quitosana en polvo, en dietade ratas adultas, sobre algunos parâmetros nutricionales y bioquímicos. Ratas Wistar (n=14) fueron divididas en grupo control (GC), raciónAIN-93G, a base de caseína y celulosa microcristalina (5%) y grupo quitosana e (GQ),ración AIN-93G y quitosana en polvo (5%) em substitución de la celulosa micro cristalina, por10 días. No se observaron diferencias en el consumo alimentar ni en la evolución de los pesos corporal o del hígado, de los depósitos de grasa abdominal y de la carcasa, ni tampoco en las concentraciones séricas de glucosa,proteínas totales y perfil lipídico. Sin embargo, el grupo GQ presentó menores pesos de estómago e intestino delgado (con su contenido). No obstante, estos resultados son insuficientes para deducir algún efecto en la saciedade considerando que no se observó diferencia en el consumo de ración de los grupos

O maior consumo de fibra alimentar tem sido uma das importantes estratégias para o controle e prevenção da obesidade e suas co-morbidades. A quitosana, fibra de origem animal, vem sendo relacionada à redução da absorção de gorduras em nível intestinal, do colesterol e glicose séricos e, também, com inibição do apetite e redução de peso corporal. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do uso de quitosana em pó, na ração de ratas adultas, sobre alguns parâmetros nutricionais e bioquímicos. Ratas Wistar adultas (n=14) foram divididas em grupo controle (GC): ração AIN-93G, à base de caseína e celulose microcristalina (5%) e grupo quitosana (GQ): dieta AIN-93G e quitosana em pó (5%), em substituição à celulose microcristalina, por 10 dias. Não se observaram diferenças no consumo alimentar, na evolução do peso corporal, do fígado, dos depósitos de gordura abdominal e da carcaça, e, nem tampouco nas concentrações séricas de glicose, proteínas totais e no perfil lipídico. O GQ apresentou menor peso do estômago e do intestino delgado (com conteúdo) sendo, entretanto esses resultados, insuficientes para inferir sobre algum efeito na saciedade, tendo em vista que não foi observada diferença no consumo de ração entre os grupos

Efeito da suplementação com farelo de arroz na recuperação nutricional de ratos desnutridos sobre o balanço energético e o desenvolvimento do cólon / Effect of rice bran supplementation during nutritional recovery period on energy balance and colon development of rats

Este estudo avaliou o efeito do tratamento de ratos recém desmamados com dieta aprotéica durante doze dias, seguido de suplementação com 5 por cento de farelo de arroz por vinte e um dias, sobre o balanço energético e o desenvolvimento do cólon. Ratos Wistar, pesando entre 40-50g foram divididos em: Grupo controle, recebeu dieta com 17 por cento de proteína, de acordo com American Institute of Nutrition (AIN 1993) e Grupo aprotéico: com dieta AIN 93, sendo o teor de caseína substituído por carboidrato, por 12 dias. Após isso, parte de cada grupo de ratos foi sacrificada e os remanescentes foram distribuídos em três grupos: controle (C) continuou a receber dieta controle; o grupo aprotéico recebeu dieta controle suplementada com 5 por cento de fareI o de arroz (RCFA) ou dieta controle (RC). No grupo aprotéico houve aumento dos valores relativos de energia ingerida e gasto de energia, redução da energia da carcaça, do ganho de energia e da eficiência energética. Na composição da carcaça os valores relativos de proteína foram preservados e os de gordura reduzidos. As massas relativas do fígado e do cólon foram preservadas, a do baço e a massa das fezes secas excretadas reduzidas. Os valores relativos da massa do ceco e do comprimento do cólon foram aumentados. As concentrações séricas de proteína total, albumina, colesterol e triglicerídeos, leptina e insulina, foram reduzidos. A muscularis externa e a largura da parede do cólon proximal foram maiores do que o controle, enquanto no cólon distal todos os parâmetros avaliados menores. Durante a recuperação nutricional a energia ingerida relativa foi menor no grupo RC e similar ao controle no grupo RCFA, o mesmo ocorreu com o gasto de energia relativo. Os valores relativos de ganho de energia, o conteúdo de proteínas e lipídios da carcaça e a massa do fígado foram similares entre todos os grupos. A eficiência energética foi maior no grupo RC e similar entre o grupo RCFA e C. A energia da carcaça final foi menor nos grupos RC e RCFA...