Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on nurses' psychological well being in an emergency room / Efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19 no bem-estar psicológico dos enfermeiros de um serviço de urgência / Efectos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el bienestar psicológico de los enfermeros de un servicio de urgencia

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the level of anxiety of nurses in an emergency room in view of the new Coronavirus and describe the relationship between the degrees of anxiety and their sociodemographic variables. Methods: quantitative descriptive-correlational study with a sample of 60 nurses. A questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument based on the Hamilton Anxiety Assessment Scale. Results: the nurses' average anxiety is mild. A statistically significant relationship was found between anxiety and the variables "sex" and "children", with women having higher levels of anxiety than men, and nurses who do not have children showing mild, moderate, or severe anxiety. Conclusions: COVID-19 triggers anxiety in nurses, sometimes at pathological levels. Being female and not having children increase the anxiety experienced. Sex can be considered the determining factor for the level of anxiety experienced.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar o nível de ansiedade dos enfermeiros de um serviço de urgência em face do novo coronavírus e descrever a relação entre os níveis de ansiedade e as variáveis sociodemográficas. Métodos: estudo quantitativo descritivo-correlacional com uma amostra de 60 enfermeiros. Recorreu-se à aplicação de um questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados baseando-se na Escala de Avaliação de Ansiedade de Hamilton. Resultados: o escore médio de ansiedade dos enfermeiros é leve. Verificou-se que existe uma relação estatisticamente significante entre a ansiedade e a variável "sexo" e "filhos", com as mulheres apresentando níveis de ansiedade superiores aos homens e os enfermeiros sem filhos apresentando níveis de ansiedade leve, moderada ou severa. Conclusões: a COVID-19 desencadeia ansiedade nos enfermeiros, por vezes a níveis patológicos; e ser do sexo feminino e não ter filhos a aumenta. É possível afirmar que o sexo foi o fator determinante para o nível de ansiedade experimentado.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar nivel de ansiedad de enfermeros de un servicio de urgencia frente al nuevo coronavirus y describir la relación entre niveles de ansiedad y variables sociodemográficas. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo descriptivo-correlacional con una muestra de 60 enfermeros. Recorrido a la aplicación de una encuesta como instrumento de recolecta de datos basándose en la Escala de Evaluación de Ansiedad de Hamilton. Resultados: el escore mediano de ansiedad de los enfermeros es leve. Verificado que hay una relación estadísticamente significante entre la ansiedad y la variable "sexo" e "hijos", con mujeres presentando niveles de ansiedad superiores a los hombres y los enfermeros sin hijos presentando niveles de ansiedad leve, moderada o severa. Conclusiones: la COVID-19 desencadena ansiedad en los enfermeros, por veces a niveles patológicos; y ser del sexo femenino y no tener hijos la aumenta. Es posible afirmar que el sexo fue el factor determinante para el nivel de ansiedad experimentado.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on nurses' psychological well being in an emergency room.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the level of anxiety of nurses in an emergency room in view of the new Coronavirus and describe the relationship between the degrees of anxiety and their sociodemographic variables. METHODS: quantitative descriptive-correlational study with a sample of 60 nurses. A questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument based on the Hamilton Anxiety Assessment Scale. RESULTS: the nurses' average anxiety is mild. A statistically significant relationship was found between anxiety and the variables "sex" and "children", with women having higher levels of anxiety than men, and nurses who do not have children showing mild, moderate, or severe anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 triggers anxiety in nurses, sometimes at pathological levels. Being female and not having children increase the anxiety experienced. Sex can be considered the determining factor for the level of anxiety experienced.

Therapeutic trajectories of children attending a Children Psychosocial Care Center.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the unique therapeutic trajectories of children linked to a Center for Psychosocial Child and Adolescent Care (Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil, CAPSi). METHOD: A qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research. Data collection was carried out with five school-age children, linked to a Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Center (CAPSi), located in the South of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), from April to July 2016, from the consultation to the chart, observation, field journal entries and by the narrative interviews, which were transcribed and submitted to narrative analysis. The narrative interviews mediated by the ludic instrumental called Map of the Five Fields (MFF) allowed for oral expression. RESULTS: Two themes were constructed: "characterization of children participating in the research" and "singular therapeutic trajectories of children". CONCLUSION: The therapeutic trajectories made it possible to present the uniqueness of the life of the participants, through the relation established between the child, the territory in which he/she transits and the social context.

Presence of N-acetylneuraminic acid in the lung during postnatal development.

Sialic acids, particularly N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), are present as terminal components of rich and complex oligosaccharide chains, which are termed glycans, and are exhibited on the cell surfaces, especially on epithelial cells. Crucial in the 'social behavior' of the cell, sialic acids play vital roles in many physiological and pathological phenomena. The aim of the present study was to separate, identify, and quantify Neu5Ac in purified lung membranes from 4-, 14-, and 21-day-old animals, followed by the statistical analysis of these results with our previously reported data (0-day-old and adult results). Complementary, ultrastructural methodologies were used. The differences in the Neu5Ac values obtained across the examined postnatal-lung development relevant ages studied were found to be statistically significant. A substantial increase in the mean level of this compound was found during the period of 'bulk' alveolarization, which takes place from postnatal day 4 to 14 (P4-P14). The comparison of the mean levels of Neu5Ac, during microvascular maturation (mainly between P12 and P21), reveals that the difference, although statistically significant, is the least significant difference among all the pair-wise differences between the developmental stages. The presence of sub-terminal N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)/Galactose (Gal) residues with terminal sialic acids on the bronchioloalveolar cell surfaces was confirmed using lung ultra-thin sections of adult and 0-day-old animals. These results showed that, although Neu5Ac levels increase throughout postnatal lung development, this sialic acid was substantially added to epithelial cell surfaces during the "bulk" alveolarization period, while its presence was less important during the microvascular maturation period. Bearing in mind that sialic acids are negatively charged and create charge repulsions between adjacent cells, we hypothesized that they can substantially contribute to postnatal alveolar formation and maturation.

Reduced astrocytic expression of GFAP in the offspring of female rats that received hypercaloric diet.

Introduction: Obesity promotes hypothalamic inflammation and local morphological changes in astrocytes, including the increased expression of the astrocytic biomarker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is seen as a sign of neuroinflammation.Objective: This study aimed to observe the astrocytic expression of GFAP in different brain areas from female rats that received a hypercaloric (HD) or a normocaloric (ND) diet during puberty (F0 generation) as well as in their male pups (F1 generation).Methods: Female rats received highly palatable HD (Ensure®) or ND from postnatal day (PND) 23-65. On PND90-95, some were euthanized for the immunohistochemical study and some were mated to obtain the F1 generation. Male pups were immunochallenged on PND50 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 µg/kg) or 0.9% saline solution (1 mL/kg) intraperitoneal injection. Body weight (BW) and retroperitoneal fat weight (RFW) were recorded on PND95 for F0 generation and on PND50 for F1 generation. GFAP expression for both generations was assessed by morphometry in the parietal/frontal cortex, corpus callosum, nucleus accumbens, arcuate/periventricular nuclei of hypothalamus, pons, molecular/granular layers of cerebellum.Results: Female rats fed with HD presented a significant increase in the GFAP expression in all evaluated areas as well as in the RFW. Male rats born from mothers that received HD showed decreased GFAP expression, BW and RFW when treated with LPS in relation to those from mothers fed with ND.Discussion: HD induced astrogliosis in several brain areas in females from F0 generation and an adaptive phenotypic change of decreased GFAP expression in males from F1 generation after LPS challenge.

Therapeutic trajectories of children attending a Children Psychosocial Care Center / Trayectorias terapéuticas de niños vinculado a un Centro de Atención Psicosocial Infanto Juvenil / Trajetórias terapêuticas das crianças que frequentam um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the unique therapeutic trajectories of children linked to a Center for Psychosocial Child and Adolescent Care (Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil, CAPSi). Method: A qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research. Data collection was carried out with five school-age children, linked to a Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Center (CAPSi), located in the South of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), from April to July 2016, from the consultation to the chart, observation, field journal entries and by the narrative interviews, which were transcribed and submitted to narrative analysis. The narrative interviews mediated by the ludic instrumental called Map of the Five Fields (MFF) allowed for oral expression. Results: Two themes were constructed: "characterization of children participating in the research" and "singular therapeutic trajectories of children". Conclusion: The therapeutic trajectories made it possible to present the uniqueness of the life of the participants, through the relation established between the child, the territory in which he/she transits and the social context.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las trayectorias terapéuticas singulares de niños vinculados a un Centro de Atención Psicosocial Infantojuvenil (CAPSi). Método: Investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria. Se recolectaron datos de cinco niños en edad escolar, vinculados a un Centro de Atención Psicosocial Infantojuvenil (CAPSi), ubicado en el sur de Rio Grande do Sul (RS), en el período de abril a julio de 2016, a partir de consultas a la historia clínica, de la observación, de las anotaciones en el diario de campo y por medio de entrevistas narrativas, las cuales fueron transcritas y sometidas a análisis narrativo. Las entrevistas narrativas mediadas por el instrumento lúdico llamado Mapa de los Cinco Campos (MCC) permitieron la expresión oral. Resultados: Se elaboraron dos temas: "caracterización de los niños participantes de la investigación" y "trayectorias terapéuticas singulares de los niños". Conclusión: Las trayectorias terapéuticas permitieron presentar la singularidad de la vida de los participantes, a través de la relación establecida entre el niño, el territorio a través del cual transita y el contexto social.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as trajetórias terapêuticas singulares de crianças vinculadas a um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil (CAPSi). Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória. A coleta de dados ocorreu com cinco crianças em idade escolar vinculadas a um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil (CAPSi) localizado no sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), no período de abril a julho de 2016, a partir da consulta ao prontuário, da observação, das anotações em diário de campo e da entrevista narrativa, as quais foram transcritas e submetidas à análise narrativa. As entrevistas narrativas, mediadas pelo instrumento lúdico chamado Mapa dos Cinco Campos (MCC), permitiram a expressão oral. Resultados: Foram construídos dois temas: "Caracterização das crianças participantes da pesquisa" e "Trajetórias terapêuticas singulares das crianças". Conclusão: As trajetórias terapêuticas possibilitaram apresentar a singularidade de vida das participantes por meio da relação estabelecida entre a criança, o território por onde ela transita e o contexto social.

A experiência da maternidade em mulheres usuárias de crack: vivência entre mãe e filho / The motherhood experience of women crack users: experiences shared between children and mothers / La experiencia de la maternidad en mujeres usuarias de crack: vivencia entre madre e hijo

Objective: The study's purpose has been to know the viewpoint of women crack users in regards to their motherhood experience. Methods: This qualitative study was carried out with five women who used crack during pregnancy. Data was collected from May to August 2014, through the participant observation, production of field diary and semi-structured interviews. The analysis process followed the Clifford Geertz Interpretivism. Results: The crack use is not a fundamental factor in the maternity process of women who do use it. Some factors may influence the relationship between mother and child, and also the women's experience during this process, such as the desire to be a mother, pregnancy planning and family context. Conclusion: It is imperative to think of intersectoral public health policies aiming to support the crack users in an integral manner, then reducing social inequality and proposing an approach that highlights the user possibilities, as well as the individual specificity and singularity

Objetivo: Conhecer a visão da mulher usuária de crack em relação a experiência da maternidade. Método: estudo qualitativo, com cinco mulheres que utilizaram crack na gestação. Dados coletados entre maio e agosto de 2014, através da observação participante, construção de diário de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise seguiu o Interpretativismo, de Clifford Geertz. Resultados: o uso de crack não é fator fundamental no processo de maternidade das mulheres usuárias, alguns fatores podem influenciar na relação entre mãe e filho e na experiência da mulher neste processo, como o desejo de ser mãe, planejamento da gravidez e contexto familiar. Conclusão: deve-se pensar em políticas públicas de saúde intersetoriais, visando atender as usuárias de forma integral, diminuindo a desigualdade social e propondo uma abordagem que destaque as possibilidades, especificidade e singularidade do indivíduo

Objetivo: Conocer la visión de la mujer usuaria de crack en relación a la experiencia de maternidad. Método: estudio cualitativo, con cinco mujeres que utilizaron crack en la gestación. Los datos fueron recolectados entre mayo y agosto de 2014, a través de observación participante, construcción de diario de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis siguió el Interpretativismo de Clifford Geertz. Resultados: uso de crack no es un factor fundamental en el proceso de maternidad de las mujeres usuarias. Algunos factores pueden influenciar en la relación entre madre e hijo y en la experiencia de la mujer en este proceso, como lo deseo de ser madre, planeamiento del embarazo y contexto familiar. Conclusión: se debe pensar en políticas públicas de salud intersectoriales, visando atender a las usuarias de forma integral, reduciendo a la desigualdad social y proponiendo un abordaje que destaque las posibilidades, especificidad y singularidad del individuo

Memory impairments and increased GFAP expression in hippocampal astrocytes following hypercaloric diet in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Hypothalamic inflammation and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) overexpression in astrocytes are well described in obese animals, as are some cognitive and memory deficits. As the hippocampus plays important roles in the consolidation of information, this investigation aimed to observe the memory function and the astrocyte expression of GFAP in the hippocampus of rats that received either a hypercaloric or a normocaloric diet. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats received a high-fat (cafeteria) or a standard diet for 60 days. On the 61st day, the rats were submitted to the novel object recognition (NOR) test at three and 24 hours after the first contact with objects, to assess short-term and long-term memory, respectively. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and their brains were collected for GFAP immunohistochemical investigation in the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3 areas) and hypothalamus (periventricular and arcuate nuclei). Astrocytic reactivity was assessed by morphometry. Different white adipose tissue depots and brown adipose tissue were weighed to calculate the adiposity index. RESULTS: The hypercaloric diet increased body weight gain, adiposity index, white adipose tissue weight (epididymal, subcutaneous and retroperitoneal) and brown adipose tissue weight. Rats fed with the hypercaloric diet showed short-term and long-term memory impairments in the NOR test, as well as increased GFAP expression in astrocytes from all analyzed hypothalamic and hippocampal areas. CONCLUSION: This astrogliosis suggests that the neuroinflammatory response also occurs in the hippocampus and may be involved in the memory losses observed in obese/overweight animals.

Presence of N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose residues on bronchioloalveolar cells during rat postnatal development.

In mammals, the alveolarization process develops predominantly after birth. Airway cells display a complex assemblage of glycans on their surface. These glycans, particularly terminal glycan extensions, are important effective carriers of information that change during the differentiation process. Nevertheless, few systematic data are reported about the cell surface sugar residue content during post-natal lung development. In the present work, we aimed to identify and semi-quantify N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)/galactose (Gal) residues on the bronchioloalveolar cell surface in rat lung sections from 1-, 4-, 8- day old and adult animals and link these data with the lung glycocalyx composition. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated lectin from Glycine max (soybean agglutinin, SBA) was used, and light microscopy methodologies were performed. SBA labelling intensity was studied before and after sialidase pre-treatment, at one-, four- and eight-day-old animals and adult animals. For semi-quantitative evaluation of SBA binding intensity, two investigators performed the analysis independently, blinded to the type of experiment. Reactivity of the lectin was assessed in bronchiolar and respiratory portion/alveolar epithelial cell surfaces. We evidenced a stronger positive reaction when lung sections were pre-treated with neuraminidase before incubation with the lectin in one- and four-day-old animals and adult animals. These results were not so manifest in eight-day-old animals. This binding pattern, generally points towards the presence of terminal but mainly sub-terminal GalNAc/Gal residues probably capped by sialic acids on the rat bronchiolar/respiratory tract epithelial cells. As this glycan extension is common in O- and N-glycans, our results suggest that these glycan classes can be present in bronchioloalveolar cells immediately after birth and exist during the postnatal period. The results observed in eight-day-old rat lung sections may be due to the dramatic lung morphologic changes and the possible underlying biological mechanisms that occur during this age-moment.

Memory impairments and increased GFAP expression in hippocampal astrocytes following hypercaloric diet in rats / Prejuízos de memória e expressão aumentada de GFAP em astrócitos hipocampais após dieta hipercalórica em ratos

ABSTRACT Objective: Hypothalamic inflammation and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) overexpression in astrocytes are well described in obese animals, as are some cognitive and memory deficits. As the hippocampus plays important roles in the consolidation of information, this investigation aimed to observe the memory function and the astrocyte expression of GFAP in the hippocampus of rats that received either a hypercaloric or a normocaloric diet. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats received a high-fat (cafeteria) or a standard diet for 60 days. On the 61st day, the rats were submitted to the novel object recognition (NOR) test at three and 24 hours after the first contact with objects, to assess short-term and long-term memory, respectively. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and their brains were collected for GFAP immunohistochemical investigation in the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3 areas) and hypothalamus (periventricular and arcuate nuclei). Astrocytic reactivity was assessed by morphometry. Different white adipose tissue depots and brown adipose tissue were weighed to calculate the adiposity index. Results: The hypercaloric diet increased body weight gain, adiposity index, white adipose tissue weight (epididymal, subcutaneous and retroperitoneal) and brown adipose tissue weight. Rats fed with the hypercaloric diet showed short-term and long-term memory impairments in the NOR test, as well as increased GFAP expression in astrocytes from all analyzed hypothalamic and hippocampal areas. Conclusion: This astrogliosis suggests that the neuroinflammatory response also occurs in the hippocampus and may be involved in the memory losses observed in obese/overweight animals.

RESUMO Objetivo: A inflamação hipotalâmica e a superexpressão da proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP) em astrócitos são bem descritas em animais obesos, assim como déficits cognitivos e de memória. Como o hipocampo desempenha importante papel na consolidação de informações, esta investigação teve como objetivo observar a função da memória e a expressão astrocitária da GFAP no hipocampo de ratos que receberam dieta hipercalórica ou normocalórica. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos adultos receberam dieta rica em gordura (cafeteria) ou dieta padrão por 60 dias. No 61º dia, os ratos foram submetidos ao teste de reconhecimento de objetos (NOR) 3 e 24 horas após o primeiro contato com os objetos, para avaliação da memória de curto e de longo prazo, respectivamente. Após, os ratos foram eutanasiados e os encéfalos coletados para pesquisa imuno-histoquímica da expressão astrocitária de GFAP no hipocampo (áreas CA1, CA2 e CA3) e no hipotálamo (núcleos periventricular e arqueado). A reatividade astrocitária foi avaliada por morfometria. Diferentes depósitos de tecido adiposo branco e marrom foram pesados para calcular o índice de adiposidade. Resultados: A dieta hipercalórica aumentou o ganho de peso corporal, o índice de adiposidade, o peso do tecido adiposo branco (epididimal, subcutâneo e retroperitoneal) e marrom. Ratos alimentados com dieta hipercalórica apresentaram prejuízos na memória de curto e longo prazo no teste NOR e aumento da expressão de GFAP em astrócitos de todas as áreas hipotalâmicas e hipocampais analisadas. Conclusão: Esta astrogliose sugere que a resposta neuroinflamatória também ocorre no hipocampo, podendo estar envolvida nas perdas de memória observadas em animais obesos/com sobrepeso.

Presence of sialic acids in bronchioloalveolar cells and identification and quantification of N-acetylneuraminic and N-glycolylneuraminic acids in the lung.

The lung, in air-breathing vertebrates, is a tree-like structure composed of branching tubes ending in alveoli and lined by diverse and highly specialized epithelial cells. A dense array of complex and diverse glycoconjugates is present on essentially all animal cell surfaces. Sialic acids are widely allocated at the outermost ends of glycan chains, attached to membrane proteins and lipids below. Due to their abundance and their terminal position in glycans, sialic acids are implicated in many physiological and pathological functions. Although the composition of lung epithelial cell-surface glycans has been studied over the years, it is not yet completely understood. In the present work, we aimed to histochemically localize N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)>N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) residues on rat bronchioloalveolar epithelial cell surfaces using light microscopy (LM) methods. In lung membranes isolated from adult rat lung homogenates, we also separated, identified and quantified Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and systematically described the optimized HPLC methods used. Sialic acid residues were localized on the surface coat of bronchioloalveolar cells, and the mean quantification of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc in the adult rat lung homogenates was 12,26 and 2,73 µg/mg prot., respectively, revealing a manifest preponderance of Neu5Ac. A coefficient of variation (CV) of 4,98% and 4,40%, respectively was obtained and an optimal dispersion variability expressed by the SD and the CV was also reported, confirming the efficiency of the methodology. To the best of our knowledge, our group was the first to identify, separate and quantify sialic acids in purified lung membranes. The presence of these residues contributes to a strong anionic shield and may provide an hydrating and protective barrier as well as a repulsive structure that is crucial to lung physiology.

O enfrentamento do estigma vivido por mulheres/mães usuárias de crack* / The confrontation of the stigma experienced by women / mothers who use crack / La confrontación del estigma vivido por mujeres/madres consumidoras de crack

O estudo objetivou conhecer como mulheres usuárias de crack vivenciam a maternidade e enfrentam os estigmas estabelecidos pela sociedade. Realizou-se observação participante com cinco mulheres, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e construção de diário de campo, elencadas categorias culturais e os dados tratados a partir do Interpretativismo de Geertz. Percebemos o quanto as participantes enfrentam dificuldades para criar seus filhos, principalmente pelo preconceito que sofrem, o quanto foi difícil lidar com a maternidade e o uso de crack ao mesmo tempo. Estas mulheres sofrem com a exclusão social e a marginalização, muitas vezes resultando em dificuldades no acesso aos serviços de saúde.

The study aimed to know how women who use crack cocaine experience their maternity and face the stigmas established by society. A participant observation was carried out with five women, semi-structured interviews and field diary construction, cultural categories and data treated from Geertz's Interpretativism. It was noticed how much the participants face difficulties to raise their children, mainly because of the prejudice that they suffer, how difficult is to deal with maternity and the use of crack at the same time. These women suffer from social exclusion and marginalization, often resulting in difficulties in accessing health services.

El objectivo del estudio fue conocer cómo las mujeres consumidoras de crack confrontan los estigmas de la maternidad establecidas por la sociedad. Hemos llevado a cabo la observación participante con cinco mujeres, por meo de entrevistas semiestructuradas , y un un diario. Las categorías culturales mencionados y los datos transformados a seguiron la base de interpretativismo de Geertz. Nos dimos cuenta de lo mucho que los participantes están luchando para criar a sus hijos, sobre todo por el sufrimiento con lo prejuicio, de lo difícil que fue la experiencia de la maternidad con el consumo de crack. Estas mujeres sufren de exclusión social y la marginación, a menudo resulta en dificultades para acceder a los servicios de salud.

Propentofylline decreases hypothalamic astrogliosis induced by hypercaloric diet in the rat.

Obesity is associated with a chronic and low-grade inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, where astrogliosis occurs with the upregulation of the astrocyte structural protein GFAP. As propentofylline (PPF) has inhibitory effects on astrocyte and microglial activation during inflammation, this study aimed to investigate if this xanthine derivative could decrease the astrocyte reaction induced by a hypercaloric diet (HD). Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: NDS - rats receiving a normocaloric diet (ND) and daily saline solution; NDP - rats receiving ND and daily PPF (12.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal route); HDS - rats receiving HD and saline solution, HDP - rats receiving HD and PPF. On the 21st day, rats were anesthetized, and perfused, and brains were collected for GFAP immunohistochemical study in the hypothalamus. Results showed that HD induced increased weight gain and hypothalamic astrogliosis. Propentofylline decreased the expression of GFAP in the HDP group, although it did not affect the weight gain induced by this diet.

Propentofylline decreases hypothalamic astrogliosis induced by hypercaloric diet in the rat / A propentofilina diminui a astrogliose hipotalâmica induzida pela dieta hipercalórica no rato

ABSTRACT Obesity is associated with a chronic and low-grade inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, where astrogliosis occurs with the upregulation of the astrocyte structural protein GFAP. As propentofylline (PPF) has inhibitory effects on astrocyte and microglial activation during inflammation, this study aimed to investigate if this xanthine derivative could decrease the astrocyte reaction induced by a hypercaloric diet (HD). Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: NDS - rats receiving a normocaloric diet (ND) and daily saline solution; NDP - rats receiving ND and daily PPF (12.5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal route); HDS - rats receiving HD and saline solution, HDP - rats receiving HD and PPF. On the 21st day, rats were anesthetized, and perfused, and brains were collected for GFAP immunohistochemical study in the hypothalamus. Results showed that HD induced increased weight gain and hypothalamic astrogliosis. Propentofylline decreased the expression of GFAP in the HDP group, although it did not affect the weight gain induced by this diet.

RESUMO A obesidade está associada com uma resposta inflamatória crônica e de baixo grau no hipotálamo, onde ocorre astrogliose com a superexpressão da proteína astrocitária GFAP. Como a propentofilina (PPF) possui efeitos inibitórios sobre a ativação astrocitária e microglial durante a inflamação, este estudo visou a investigar se esta xantina podia diminuir a reação astrocitária induzida pela dieta hipercalórica (HD). Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em 4 grupos: NDS- ratos recebendo dieta normocalórica (ND) e solução salina diária; NDP- ratos recebendo ND e PPF diária (12.5 mg/kg/dia, via intraperitoneal); HDS- ratos recebendo HD e solução salina, HDP- ratos recebendo HD e PPF. No 21° dia, os ratos foram perfundidos e os encéfalos, coletados para estudo imuno-histoquímico para a GFAP no hipotálamo. Os resultados mostram que a HD induziu aumento do ganho de peso e astrogliose no hipotálamo. A PPF diminuiu a expressão de GFAP no grupo HD, embora não tenha afetado o ganho de peso induzido por esta dieta.

Percepción de familia entre mujeres embarazadas del norte de Portugal / Perception of family among pregnant women in the north of Portugal / Perceção da familia nas mulheres grávidas no norte de Portugal / Perception de famille chez les femmes enceintes dans le nord du Portugal

Resumen Objetivo: Analizarlas diferentes formas de construir la referencia de "ser una familia" en distintos ámbitos rurales y urbanos, a partir de las razones que hay detrás de la decisión de tener hijos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo diseñado y analizado a partir del estudio de casos de diferentes áreas de salud del norte de Portugal. La metodología implicó la realización de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 50 mujeres embarazadas en busca de sus significados recurriendo para ello al análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se identificó la categoría que denominamos "Modelo de referencia familiar", en la cual se señalan dos subcategorías: el sueño sobre la construcción de una nueva familia y el sueño hecho realidad. Estos resultados hacen coincidir la idea de las aspiraciones (ideal inicial, antes de quedar embarazada) y la de las representaciones (ideal abstracto). Los resultados apuntan a unos ideales orientados a la familia y pero muestran una disminución en el número de hijos por mujer consecuencia también de un cálculo en el cual son ponderados los costos asociados con esta decisión. Conclusiónes: Del universo de las aspiraciones, se impone la evocación del deseo de tener hijos, pues fueron realmente pocas las encuestadas que diseñaron un proyecto de vida sin hijos. Sin embargo, vemos una disonancia entre las aspiraciones iniciales y la nueva realidad. Se concluye que existe un proceso de elección entre tener o no hijos, así como la transición a la parentalidad como proyecto conyugal.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the different ways of 'being a family' and that predomínate in different social contexts ranging from rural to urban spaces based on the reasons that support the decision to have children. Materials and methods: A qualitative study was designed and analyzed using case studies of different health areas of northern Portugal. The methodology used was based on semi-structured interviews with 50 pregnant women. It was done a content analysis of interviews. Results: Based on the stories obtained through interviews, we identified the category "reference model of family ", in which two subcategories listed was identified: "the dream of building a new family" and "the dream come true". These results match the idea of aspirations (initial ideal) and representations (abstract ideal). The results suggest a family oriented by ideals and show a decrease in the number of children per woman. This is the result of a perception of the associated costs of this decision. Conclusions: From the universe of aspirations centered in the desire for children, only a few women prefer a life without children. However, we identified a dissonance between the initial aspirations and the practices. It is concluded that there is a process of choice between having children, as well as the transition to parenthood as a conjugal project.

Resumo Objectivo: Analisar os diferentes modos de «ser familia¼ e que predominam em contextos sociais que vão desde a ruralidade até a urbanidade tendo por base as razões que sustentam a decisão de ter descendência. Materiais e métodos: Estudo qualitativo com base em estudo de casos em diferentes centros de saúde no norte de Portugal. A metodologia envolveu a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas a 50 mulheres grávidas. Para analisar os dados recorreu-se a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Com base nos relatos obtidos identificou-se a categoria "Modelo de referencia familiar", que identifica duas subcategorias: A construção da nova familia: o sonho e o sonho tornado realidade. Estes resultados correspondem as aspirações de ideia (ideal inicial, antes de engravidar) e as representações (ideal abstracto). Conclusões: Os resultados apontam para um ideal de familia orientado para os dois filhos e demonstram uma diminução do número de filhos por mulher. A diminução do número de filhos é também o resultado de um cálculo onde são ponderados os custos associados a esta decisão. Do universo das aspirações impõe-se a evocação da vontade de ter filhos. Foram realmente poucas as inquiridas que traçaram um projeto de vida sem filhos. Todavia verificamos uma dissonancia entre as aspirações iniciais e por conseguinte com as práticas.

Résumé Objectif: Analyser les différentes formes de «etre famille¼ qui prédominent dans des contextes sociaux allant du rural a la vie urbaine ayant pour motifs la décision d'avoir des enfants. Matériaux et méthodes: Étude qualitative basée sur des études de cas dans des centres de santé primaires dans le nord du Portugal. La méthodologie se base sur des entrevues semi-structurées a 50 femmes enceintes. Pour analyser les données, on a utilisé l'analyse des contenus.. Résultats: Basé sur les données, on a identifié la catégorie «Modele de famille¼, qui identifie deux sous-catégories: la construction de la nouvelle famille : le reve et le reve devenu réalité. Ces résultats correspondent aux aspirations de l'idée (idéal, avant la grossesse) et représentations (idéal abstrait). Les résultats pointent vers un idéal de famille orienté vers les enfants et montrent une diminution du nombre d'enfants par femme qui est également la conséquence de facteurs socioéconomiques qui influencent cette décision. L'univers des aspirations permet l'évocation du désir d'avoir des enfants. Conclusions: On a eu tres peu de femmes qui désirent une vie sans enfant. Cependant, nous voyons une dissonance entre les aspirations initiales (idéal) et les représentations (idéal abstrait). On conclut qu'il existe un choix entre avoir enfants, bien comme la transition vers la parentalité en tant que projet conjugal.

Proposta de passos para a segurança do paciente no atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel / Propuesta de pasos a seguir para la seguridad del paciente en la atención pre-hospitalaria móvil / Proposal for steps towards patient safety in mobile emergency care

RESUMO Objetivo: propor passos para a segurança do paciente a partir da análise dos riscos no atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel sob a ótica dos enfermeiros. Método: estudo quantitativo, e descritivo. Amostra intencional, composta por 23 enfermeiros. Utilizou-se o método de pesquisa fotográfica para identificar os riscos à segurança do paciente em um Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência de uma cidade do Rio Grande do Norte. A coleta foi realizada de março a junho de 2012 e organizada em cinco etapas: obtenção das fotos de situações de segurança e não segurança; seleção de fotos pela qualidade de imagem; seleção de fotos pelos experts da temática; seleção de dez imagens de modo aleatório; e aplicação do instrumento de análise das fotos pelos profissionais. Foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo e análise descritiva. Resultados: os riscos apontados no estudo foram: dificuldades no acondicionamento de equipamentos e materiais; especificidades do trabalho no atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel; risco de infecção; risco de traumas; e dificuldades na administração de medicamentos. A partir dessas informações e confrontos com a literatura, foram sugeridos dez passos para a segurança do paciente no atendimento pré-hospitalar, voltados às necessidades de redução dos riscos apresentados. Conclusão: a análise de riscos e proposta de intervenções para a segurança do paciente favorecem a qualidade do atendimento em saúde, com benefícios na esfera: paciente, equipe, profissional e ambiente. Sugere-se que sejam desenvolvidas de acordo com as necessidades de cada serviço.

RESUMEN Objetivo: proponer los pasos a seguir para la seguridad del paciente a partir del análisis de los riesgos en la atención pre-hospitalaria móvil y bajo la óptica de los enfermeros. Método: estudio cuantitativo, y descriptivo. Muestra intencional compuesta por 23 enfermeros. Se utilizó el método de investigación fotográfica para identificar los riesgos para la seguridad del paciente en un Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia de una ciudad del estado de Rio Grande do Norte. La recolección se realizó de Marzo a Junio del 2012 y se organizó en cinco etapas: obtención de las fotos de situaciones de seguridad y sin seguridad, selección de fotos por la cualidad de imagen, selección de fotos por los peritos en la temática, selección de diez imágenes de forma aleatoria y aplicación del instrumento de análisis de las fotos por los profesionales. Se usó el análisis del contenido y el análisis descriptivo. Resultados: los riesgos mencionados en el estudio fueron las dificultades en el acondicionamiento de equipamientos y materiales, especificidades del trabajo en la atención pre-hospitalaria móvil, riesgo de infección, riesgo de traumas y dificultades en la administración de medicamentos. A partir de estas informaciones y cotejos con la literatura fueron sugeridos diez pasos a seguir para la seguridad del paciente en la atención pre-hospitalaria relacionados con las necesidades de reducción de los riesgos presentados. Conclusión: el análisis de riesgos y propuesta de intervenciones para la seguridad del paciente favorece la cualidad de la atención en la salud y con beneficios en las áreas paciente, equipo, profesional y ambiente. Se sugiere que sean desarrolladas de acuerdo con las necesidades de cada servicio.

ABSTRACT Objective: propose steps for patient safety based on the analysis of risks in mobile emergency care from nurses' perspective. Method: quantitative and descriptive study. Intentional sample consisting of 23 nurses. The photographic research method was used to identify the risks for patient safety in a Mobile Emergency Care Service in a city in Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil). The data were collected between March and June 2012 and organized in five phases: collection of pictures from safe and non-safe situations; selection of pictures based on the image quality; selection of pictures by experts on the theme; random selection of ten images; and application of picture analysis tool by the professionals. Content analysis and descriptive analysis were used. Results: the risks appointed in the study were: difficulties to store equipment and material; particularities of work in mobile emergency care; risk of infection; risk of traumas; and medication administration difficulties. Based on this information and confrontations with the literature, ten steps were suggested towards patient safety in emergency care, focused on the needs to reduce the risks presented. Conclusion: the risk analysis and the intervention proposal towards patient safety favor the quality of health care, with benefits in the following spheres: patient, team, equipment, professional and environment. These should be developed in accordance with the needs of each service.

Curcumin decreases astrocytic reaction after gliotoxic injury in the rat brainstem.

Recent studies have demonstrated that curcumin (Cur) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. Ethidium bromide (EB) injections into the central nervous system (CNS) are known to induce local oligodendroglial and astrocytic loss, resulting in primary demyelination and neuroinflammation. Peripheral astrogliosis is seen around the injury site with increased immunoreactivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Cur administration on astrocytic response following gliotoxic injury. Wistar rats were injected with EB into the cisterna pontis and treated, or not, with Cur (100 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal route) during the experimental period. Brainstem sections were collected at 15, 21 and 31 days after EB injection and processed for GFAP immunohistochemical staining. Astrocytic reactivity was measured in a computerized system for image analysis. In Cur-treated rats, the GFAP-stained area around the lesion was significantly smaller in all periods after EB injection compared to untreated animals, showing that Cur reduces glial scar development following injury.

Curcumin decreases astrocytic reaction after gliotoxic injury in the rat brainstem / Curcumina reduz a reação astrocitária após injúria gliotóxica no tronco encefálico de ratos

ABSTRACT Recent studies have demonstrated that curcumin (Cur) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. Ethidium bromide (EB) injections into the central nervous system (CNS) are known to induce local oligodendroglial and astrocytic loss, resulting in primary demyelination and neuroinflammation. Peripheral astrogliosis is seen around the injury site with increased immunoreactivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Cur administration on astrocytic response following gliotoxic injury. Wistar rats were injected with EB into the cisterna pontis and treated, or not, with Cur (100 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal route) during the experimental period. Brainstem sections were collected at 15, 21 and 31 days after EB injection and processed for GFAP immunohistochemical staining. Astrocytic reactivity was measured in a computerized system for image analysis. In Cur-treated rats, the GFAP-stained area around the lesion was significantly smaller in all periods after EB injection compared to untreated animals, showing that Cur reduces glial scar development following injury.

RESUMO Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que a curcumina (Cur) possui efeitos antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórios e antifibróticos. Sabe-se que a injeção de brometo de etídio (EB) no sistema nervoso central induz a perda oligodendroglial e astrocitária, resultando em desmielinização primária e neuroinflamação. Astrogliose periférica é observada ao redor da lesão com aumento da imunorreatividade à proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP). A presente investigação objetivou avaliar o efeito da Cur sobre a resposta astrocitária após injúria gliotóxica. Ratos Wistar foram injetados com EB na cisterna basal e tratados ou não com Cur (100 mg/kg/dia, via intraperitoneal) durante o período experimental. Amostras do tronco encefálico foram coletadas aos 15, 21 e 31 dias pós-injeção de EB e processadas para estudo imuno-histoquímico para a GFAP. A reatividade astrocitária foi medida em um sistema computadorizado para análise de imagem. Nos ratos tratados com Cur, a área marcada para GFAP foi significantemente menor em todos os períodos pós-injeção de EB, indicando que a Cur reduz o desenvolvimento da cicatriz glial após injúria.

Severe infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking anakinra, rituximab, or abatacept: a systematic review of observational studies.

A question is raised about an increased risk of severe infection from the use of biological drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This systematic review of observational studies aimed at assessing the risk of severe infection associated with the use of anakinra, rituximab, and abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Scirus, Cochrane, Exerpta Medica Database, Scielo, and Lilacs up to July 2010. Severe infections were defined as those life-threatening ones in need of the use of parenteral antibiotics or of hospitalization. Longitudinal observational studies were selected without language restriction, involving adult patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and who used anakinra, rituximab, or abatacept. In four studies related to anakinra, 129 (5.1%) severe infections were related in 2896 patients, of which three died. With respect to rituximab, two studies reported 72 (5.9%) severe infections in 1224 patients, of which two died. Abatacept was evaluated in only one study in which 25 (2.4%) severe infections were reported in 1046 patients. The main site of infection for these three drugs was the respiratory tract. One possible explanation for the high frequency of severe infections associated with anakinra may be the longer follow-up time in the selected studies. The high frequency of severe infections associated with rituximab could be credited to the less strict inclusion criteria for the patients studied. Therefore, infection monitoring should be cautious in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in use of these three drugs.

Severe infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking anakinra, rituximab, or abatacept: a systematic review of observational studies / Infecções graves em pacientes com artrite reumatoide em uso de anakinra, rituximab ou abatacept: revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais

ABSTRACT A question is raised about an increased risk of severe infection from the use of biological drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This systematic review of observational studies aimed at assessing the risk of severe infection associated with the use of anakinra, rituximab, and abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Scirus, Cochrane, Exerpta Medica Database, Scielo, and Lilacs up to July 2010. Severe infections were defined as those life-threatening ones in need of the use of parenteral antibiotics or of hospitalization. Longitudinal observational studies were selected without language restriction, involving adult patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and who used anakinra, rituximab, or abatacept. In four studies related to anakinra, 129 (5.1%) severe infections were related in 2896 patients, of which three died. With respect to rituximab, two studies reported 72 (5.9%) severe infections in 1224 patients, of which two died. Abatacept was evaluated in only one study in which 25 (2.4%) severe infections were reported in 1046 patients. The main site of infection for these three drugs was the respiratory tract. One possible explanation for the high frequency of severe infections associated with anakinra may be the longer follow-up time in the selected studies. The high frequency of severe infections associated with rituximab could be credited to the less strict inclusion criteria for the patients studied. Therefore, infection monitoring should be cautious in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in use of these three drugs.

RESUMO Existe um questionamento sobre aumento do risco de infecções graves pelo uso de medicamentos biológicos por pacientes com artrite reumatoide. Esta revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais objetivou avaliar o risco de infecções graves associadas ao uso de anakinra, rituximab e abatacept em pacientes com artrite reumatoide. Foram pesquisadas as bases PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Scirus, Cochrane, Exerpta Medica Database, Scielo e Lilacs até julho/2010. Infecções graves foram definidas como aquelas com de risco de vida, necessidade de antibióticos parenterais ou de hospitalização. Foram selecionados estudos observacionais longitudinais, sem restrição de idioma, que envolviam pacientes adultos com diagnóstico de artrite reumatoide que usaram anakinra, rituximab, abatacept. Em quatro estudos relacionados ao anakinra, foram relatadas 129 (5,1%) infecções graves em 2.896 pacientes, dos quais três evoluíram para óbito. Sobre o rituximab, dois estudos relataram 72 (5,9%) infecções graves em 1.224 pacientes, dos quais dois evoluíram para óbito. O abatacept foi avaliado em apenas um estudo, no qual foram relatadas 25 (2,4%) infecções graves em 1.046 pacientes. O principal sítio de infecção para os três medicamentos foi o trato respiratório. Uma possível explicação para a frequência elevada de infecções graves associadas ao anakinra pode ser o maior tempo de acompanhamento nos estudos selecionados. A frequência elevada de infecções graves associadas ao rituximab poderia ser creditada ao critério menos restrito de inclusão de pacientes. Portanto, deve ser cautelosa a monitoração de infecções nos pacientes com artrite reumatoide que usam esses três medicamentos.