ABSTRACT
Background: Athletes heart syndrome comprises a set of functional and anatomic cardiac changes secondary to intenseand prolonged physical exercise in humans and animals. The heart adapts to the type of activity performed, and Dopplerechocardiography is the best tool for identifying these changes. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has providednew data on cardiovascular adaptations secondary to physical exercise in humans, information that conventional echocardiography cannot provide. Although physical activity and work in dogs are well documented, there are few studies oncardiovascular adaptations secondary to exercise in dogs, and no studies to date evaluated these adaptations using STE.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 31 dogs of the Border Collie and Ovelheiro Gaúcho Brasileiro breeds weredivided into two groups: a herding group (HG, n = 15), which performed herding activity five to six times a week for atleast 4 months, and a sedentary group (SG, n = 16), with no history of physical activity in the past twelve months. Alldogs were previously subjected to electrocardiography and blood pressure measurement. After that, the animals underwentechocardiographic examination at rest at a single time point. The data were analyzed by two-way multivariate analysisof variance (ANOVA) at a level of significance of 5% (P < 0.05) and a trend at 90% (P < 0.1). The dogs of the HG hadhigher values for left-ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and systolic volume (SV), and lower values for leftventricular myocardial performance index (Tei index) and systolic septal movement. STE results indicated that the HGpresented lower values for strain and strain rate in some myocardial segments in the radial, circumferential, longitudinal,and transverse directions.Discussion: The increase in LVESD is justified by the increase in preload (volume) required to meet the increased oxygendemand... (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imaging , Echocardiography, Doppler/veterinary , Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena , Exercise/physiologyABSTRACT
Background: Athletes heart syndrome comprises a set of functional and anatomic cardiac changes secondary to intenseand prolonged physical exercise in humans and animals. The heart adapts to the type of activity performed, and Dopplerechocardiography is the best tool for identifying these changes. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has providednew data on cardiovascular adaptations secondary to physical exercise in humans, information that conventional echocardiography cannot provide. Although physical activity and work in dogs are well documented, there are few studies oncardiovascular adaptations secondary to exercise in dogs, and no studies to date evaluated these adaptations using STE.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 31 dogs of the Border Collie and Ovelheiro Gaúcho Brasileiro breeds weredivided into two groups: a herding group (HG, n = 15), which performed herding activity five to six times a week for atleast 4 months, and a sedentary group (SG, n = 16), with no history of physical activity in the past twelve months. Alldogs were previously subjected to electrocardiography and blood pressure measurement. After that, the animals underwentechocardiographic examination at rest at a single time point. The data were analyzed by two-way multivariate analysisof variance (ANOVA) at a level of significance of 5% (P < 0.05) and a trend at 90% (P < 0.1). The dogs of the HG hadhigher values for left-ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and systolic volume (SV), and lower values for leftventricular myocardial performance index (Tei index) and systolic septal movement. STE results indicated that the HGpresented lower values for strain and strain rate in some myocardial segments in the radial, circumferential, longitudinal,and transverse directions.Discussion: The increase in LVESD is justified by the increase in preload (volume) required to meet the increased oxygendemand...
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Echocardiography, Doppler/veterinary , Exercise/physiology , Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena , Heart Ventricles/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
La tetralogía de Fallot es una enfermedad congénita rara, caracterizada por estenosis de la válvula pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular derecha, comunicación interventricular y dextroposición de la arteria aorta. La fisiopatología y las características clínicas con que se presenta dependen principalmente del grado de obstrucción de la arteria pulmonar. Desde el punto de vista clínico, los animales presentan cianosis, resistencia al ejercicio, disnea y síncopes. El diagnóstico definitivo y el pronóstico se obtienen mediante ecocardiografía (Doppler). Si bien la cirugía es el único método efectivo de tratamiento, en casos menos graves, existen medicamentos que actúan de manera paliativa. Este trabajo relata el caso de un perro mestizo de once meses con diagnóstico de tetralogía de Fallot, haciendo énfasis en la ecocardiografia (Doppler) como método de diagnóstico definitivo.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare congenital disease consisting of pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and aortic dextroposition. Pathophysiological consequences and clinical presentation depend mainly on the degree of pulmonary artery obstruction. Symptoms include cyanosis, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and syncope. Definitive diagnosis and prognosis are obtained by Doppler echocardiography. Surgery is the only effective method of treatment, however, pharmacotherapy may be indicated as palliative treatment in mild cases of the disease. This work reports on the case of an eleven-month-old mongrel, diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and highlights the importance of Doppler echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic tool for this disease.
A tetralogia de Fallot é urna rara doença congênita, definida por estenose da valva pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular direita, defeito do septo interventricular e dextroposição da aorta. Suas consequências fisiopatológicas, assim como a apresentação clínica, dependem principalmente do grau de obstrução da artéria pulmonar. Clinicamente, os animais apresentam cianose, intolerância ao exercício, dispneia e síncopes. O diagnóstico definitivo e o prognóstico são obtidos por meio da ecodopplercardiografia. A cirurgia é o único método efetivo para o tratamento; no entanto, em casos brandos, a terapia medicamentosa pode ser indicada como forma paliativa. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um cão de onze meses de idade, sem raça definida, diagnosticado com tetralogia de Fallot, enfatizando a ecoclopplercardiografia como método diagnóstico definitivo da doença.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Diagnosis/diagnosis , Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis , Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology , Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy , Heart Defects, Congenital/veterinary , Tetralogy of Fallot/pathology , Tetralogy of Fallot/therapy , Tetralogy of Fallot/veterinary , Congenital Abnormalities/diagnosis , Congenital Abnormalities/veterinary , Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology , Cyanosis/diagnosis , Cyanosis/pathology , Cyanosis/veterinary , Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/diagnosis , Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/veterinary , Aortic Diseases/congenital , Aortic Diseases/diagnosis , Aortic Diseases/pathology , Aortic Diseases/veterinary , Surgical Procedures, Operative/veterinaryABSTRACT
Background: The knowledge of secure anesthetic protocols for reptiles is very important, especially because they are aggressive species and they have peculiar physiology, unpredictable reactions to the same drug in different environmental conditions and different physiological responses can be observed. The anesthetic protocol aims immobilization, analgesia and muscle relaxation for adequate, safe and easily reversible anesthesia. Few reports have been described on anesthesia in animals and, before that, the objective of this study is to report the anesthetic protocol that was used and vital parameters monitoring in an Alligator mississipiensis that was submitted to surgery for limb amputation. Case: A female American alligator was attended, with about 8-year-old, 2 m long and 268,964 pounds, with fight history with other animal six months ago, resulting in a wound in the right toracic limb. When the lesion occurred, it was the breeding season of the species, so we chose not to perform the treatment at that time. An X-ray of the member was performed, which showed, among other changes, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Thus, the limb amputation was indicated. Ketamine association (10 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) were used as anestesic premedication, both administered intramuscularly. For anesthetic induction, propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously was used. The animal was [...](AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Alligators and Crocodiles , Anesthesia/veterinary , Anesthesia/methods , Vital Signs , Surgical Procedures, Operative/veterinaryABSTRACT
Background: The knowledge of secure anesthetic protocols for reptiles is very important, especially because they are aggressive species and they have peculiar physiology, unpredictable reactions to the same drug in different environmental conditions and different physiological responses can be observed. The anesthetic protocol aims immobilization, analgesia and muscle relaxation for adequate, safe and easily reversible anesthesia. Few reports have been described on anesthesia in animals and, before that, the objective of this study is to report the anesthetic protocol that was used and vital parameters monitoring in an Alligator mississipiensis that was submitted to surgery for limb amputation. Case: A female American alligator was attended, with about 8-year-old, 2 m long and 268,964 pounds, with fight history with other animal six months ago, resulting in a wound in the right toracic limb. When the lesion occurred, it was the breeding season of the species, so we chose not to perform the treatment at that time. An X-ray of the member was performed, which showed, among other changes, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Thus, the limb amputation was indicated. Ketamine association (10 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.1 mg/kg) were used as anestesic premedication, both administered intramuscularly. For anesthetic induction, propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously was used. The animal was [...]
Subject(s)
Animals , Anesthesia/methods , Anesthesia/veterinary , Alligators and Crocodiles , Vital Signs , Surgical Procedures, Operative/veterinaryABSTRACT
La tetralogía de Fallot es una enfermedad congénita rara, caracterizada por estenosis de la válvula pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular derecha, comunicación interventricular y dextroposición de la arteria aorta. La fisiopatología y las características clínicas con que se presenta dependen principalmente del grado de obstrucción de la arteria pulmonar. Desde el punto de vista clínico, los animales presentan cianosis, resistencia al ejercicio, disnea y síncopes. El diagnóstico definitivo y el pronóstico se obtienen mediante ecocardiografía (Doppler). Si bien la cirugía es el único método efectivo de tratamiento, en casos menos graves, existen medicamentos que actúan de manera paliativa. Este trabajo relata el caso de un perro mestizo de once meses con diagnóstico de tetralogía de Fallot, haciendo énfasis en la ecocardiografia (Doppler) como método de diagnóstico definitivo.(AU)
Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare congenital disease consisting of pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect and aortic dextroposition. Pathophysiological consequences and clinical presentation depend mainly on the degree of pulmonary artery obstruction. Symptoms include cyanosis, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, and syncope. Definitive diagnosis and prognosis are obtained by Doppler echocardiography. Surgery is the only effective method of treatment, however, pharmacotherapy may be indicated as palliative treatment in mild cases of the disease. This work reports on the case of an eleven-month-old mongrel, diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot and highlights the importance of Doppler echocardiography as the definitive diagnostic tool for this disease.(AU)
A tetralogia de Fallot é urna rara doença congênita, definida por estenose da valva pulmonar, hipertrofia ventricular direita, defeito do septo interventricular e dextroposição da aorta. Suas consequências fisiopatológicas, assim como a apresentação clínica, dependem principalmente do grau de obstrução da artéria pulmonar. Clinicamente, os animais apresentam cianose, intolerância ao exercício, dispneia e síncopes. O diagnóstico definitivo e o prognóstico são obtidos por meio da ecodopplercardiografia. A cirurgia é o único método efetivo para o tratamento; no entanto, em casos brandos, a terapia medicamentosa pode ser indicada como forma paliativa. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um cão de onze meses de idade, sem raça definida, diagnosticado com tetralogia de Fallot, enfatizando a ecoclopplercardiografia como método diagnóstico definitivo da doença.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , /diagnosis , Tetralogy of Fallot/veterinary , Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis , Heart Defects, Congenital/veterinary , Tetralogy of Fallot/pathology , Tetralogy of Fallot/therapy , Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology , Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy , Congenital Abnormalities/diagnosis , Congenital Abnormalities/veterinary , Cyanosis/diagnosis , Cyanosis/pathology , Cyanosis/veterinary , Surgical Procedures, Operative/veterinary , Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology , Aortic Diseases/congenital , Aortic Diseases/diagnosis , Aortic Diseases/pathology , Aortic Diseases/veterinary , Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/diagnosis , Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/veterinaryABSTRACT
Background: Vascular ring anomaly is considered a hereditary change. It occurs when the fourth right aortic arch persists instead of the fourth left aortic arch, forming a vascular ring that compress the esophagus causing esophageal dilatation cranial to the compression site. Diagnosis is based upon anamnesis, physical examination, clinical signs and complementary exams (radiograph, complete blood count and biochemical tests). The clinical treatment is inadequate, since the dilatation persists and tends to progress causing irreversible tissue injury. Surgical correction is indicated and consists of the arterial ligament resection and correction of the esophageal stenosis. Case: The objective of the current study is to report two case of persistence of right aortic arch in two cats referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria. On physical examination the patients were alert, in good nutritional status, adequately hydrated and presented normal colored mucous membranes. Each animal underwent radiography and esophagogram with barium sulphate. The exam demonstrated partial esophageal dilation cranial to the cardiac silhouette, suggestive of vascular ring anomaly. An exploratory thoracotomy was performed in order to achieve the definitive diagnosis. The arterial ligament was resected and esophageal stenosis corrected. Anesthesia, surgery and the [...](AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Esophageal Stenosis/surgery , Aorta, Thoracic/pathology , Esophageal Achalasia/veterinary , Thoracotomy/veterinaryABSTRACT
Background: Vascular ring anomaly is considered a hereditary change. It occurs when the fourth right aortic arch persists instead of the fourth left aortic arch, forming a vascular ring that compress the esophagus causing esophageal dilatation cranial to the compression site. Diagnosis is based upon anamnesis, physical examination, clinical signs and complementary exams (radiograph, complete blood count and biochemical tests). The clinical treatment is inadequate, since the dilatation persists and tends to progress causing irreversible tissue injury. Surgical correction is indicated and consists of the arterial ligament resection and correction of the esophageal stenosis. Case: The objective of the current study is to report two case of persistence of right aortic arch in two cats referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria. On physical examination the patients were alert, in good nutritional status, adequately hydrated and presented normal colored mucous membranes. Each animal underwent radiography and esophagogram with barium sulphate. The exam demonstrated partial esophageal dilation cranial to the cardiac silhouette, suggestive of vascular ring anomaly. An exploratory thoracotomy was performed in order to achieve the definitive diagnosis. The arterial ligament was resected and esophageal stenosis corrected. Anesthesia, surgery and the [...]