The Impact of COVID-19 on Solid Organ Donation: The North Italy Transplant Program Experience.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has unfavorably influenced solid organ donation activity. AIM: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on transplantation in the North Italy Transplant program (NITp). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included all consecutive potential deceased donors proposed in the NITp in 6 weeks after February 21, 2020 (period A) compared to all potential donors during the same time frame of the previous years (period B) and all potential donors 6 weeks before February 20, 2020 (period C). RESULTS: Fifty-eight deceased donors were proposed during period A, 95 were proposed during period B, and 128 were proposed during period C. After the evaluation process, 32 of 58 (55.2%), 60 of 95 (63.2%), and 79 of 128 (61.7%) donors were used for organ donation in periods A, B, and C, respectively (P value = .595). We observed a 47% donation reduction in period A compared to period B and a 60% reduction compared to period C. There was a reduction of 44% and 59% in transplantation comparing period A with period B and period C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed an important reduction of donations and transplants during the COVID-19 pandemic.

High levels of Cre expression in neuronal progenitors cause defects in brain development leading to microencephaly and hydrocephaly.

Hydrocephalus is a common and variegated pathology often emerging in newborn children after genotoxic insults during pregnancy (Hicks and D'Amato, 1980). Cre recombinase is known to have possible toxic effects that can compromise normal cell cycle and survival. Here we show, by using three independent nestin Cre transgenic lines, that high levels of Cre recombinase expression into the nucleus of neuronal progenitors can compromise normal brain development. The transgenics analyzed are the nestin Cre Balancer (Bal1) line, expressing the Cre recombinase with a nuclear localization signal, and two nestin CreER(T2) (Cre recombinase fused with a truncated estrogen receptor) mice lines with different levels of expression of a hybrid CreER(T2) recombinase that translocates into the nucleus after tamoxifen treatment. All homozygous Bal1 nestin Cre embryos displayed reduced neuronal proliferation, increased aneuploidy and cell death, as well as defects in ependymal lining and lamination of the cortex, leading to microencephaly and to a form of communicating hydrocephalus. An essentially overlapping phenotype was observed in the two nestin CreER(T2) transgenic lines after tamoxifen mediated-CreER(T2) translocation into the nucleus. Neither tamoxifen-treated wild-type nor nestin CreER(T2) oil-treated control mice displayed these defects. These results indicate that some forms of hydrocephalus may derive from a defect in neuronal precursors proliferation. Furthermore, they underscore the potential risks for developmental studies of high levels of nuclear Cre in neurogenic cells.