Rediscovery of Gryllomorpha miramae Medvedev, 1933 (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllomorphinae) in Ukraine.

Gryllomorpha miramae Medvedev, 1933 was collected in Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Regions of Ukraine. These are the first records of the species within Ukraine since more than 60 years from previous (and the first) record of the species within Zaporizhzhia Region. The species was found within intact and damaged steppe habitats. Our investigation shows that middle-age larvae demonstrate typical for the species coloration and shape of denticles of outer surface of hind tibia. This contribution provides first COI sequence for G. miramae.

The Tribe Hyrtanellini Allen, 1980 (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) of Western and Central Asia with Description of a New Species.

A new species, Serratella leonidi Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov., is described from Tajikistan based on immature stage. Based on larval material from Iran including the topotypes, Serratella elissa Jacobus, Zhou & McCafferty, 2009 is complementary described, and its generic placement is clarified. The delimitation of three genera that are members of the tribe Hyrtanellini Allen, 1980, namely Serratella Edmunds, 1959, Torleya Lestage, 1917 and Quatica Jacobus & McCafferty, 2008 is briefly discussed. The phylogenetic reconstruction of Hyrtanellini based on the COI gene showed the relations of representatives of these genera on the one hand, and distinct delimitation of Serratella leonidi sp. nov. and S. elissa on the other. A list of species from Western and Central Asia attributed to Hyrtanellini, their currently known distribution and a key for the determination of the larvae are proposed.

A catalogue of the types of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) deposited in the collection of Johan Heinrich Hochhuth in the National Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Type specimens of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) from the collection of J.H. Hochhuth (18101872) deposited in National Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv) are currently being catalogued and illustrated. This catalogue presents information about 103 type specimens (14 holotypes, 80 lecto- and paratypes, and nine syntypes) belonging to 67 nominal species. Several lectotypes are designated: Conurus erythrocephalus Hochhuth, 1849, Aleochara solida Hochhuth, 1849, Trogophloeus kiesenwetterii Hochhuth, 1851, Ocypus pullus Hochhuth, 1849, Philonthus armeniacus Hochhuth, 1851, P. interpunctatus Hochhuth, 1860, and P. subopacus Hochhuth, 1851.

Contribution to the knowledge of Teloganodidae (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerelloidea) of India.

Two new species of Dudgeodes Sartori, 2008 and a new species of Teloganodes Eaton, 1882 are described from India; they are Dudgeodesselvakumari Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. from Himalayan region (Uttarakhand), Dudgeodesmolinerii Sivaruban, Martynov, Srinivasan, Barathy & Isack, sp. nov., and Teloganodesbarathyae Sivaruban, Martynov, Srinivasan & Isack, sp. nov. from the Tamil Nadu part of the Western Ghats. Thus, for now, the Teloganodidae fauna of India includes 11 species. Dudgeodesselvakumari sp. nov. appears to be significantly extend northward the known distribution of Dudgeodes. Partial COI sequences were used as an initial clustering method to show the relationships of D.selvakumari sp. nov. with other sequenced operational taxonomic units (OTU) of the genus.

Psolidium kharlamenkoia new species of holothurian (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Psolidae) from the Kuril Islands.

A new species, Psolidium kharlamenkoi n. sp. (Echinodermata: Dendrochirotida: Psolidae) is described from the Kuril Islands. The new species is distinguished from all previously described species of the genus Psolidium by combination of the external features, ossicles morphology and coloration.

The multilevel organismal diversity approach deciphers difficult to distinguish nudibranch species complex.

Species identification is a key procedure for broad-scoped ecological, phylogeographic and evolutionary studies. However, to perform a taxonomic study in the molecular era is a complicated task that has many pitfalls. In the present study we use particular examples of common but difficult to distinguish European species within the genus of Polycera (Nudibranchia, Mollusca) to discuss the general issues of the "cryptic species" problem that has broad biological and interdisciplinary importance and can significantly impede ecological, evolutionary, and other biodiversity-related research. The largest dataset of molecular and morphological information for European nudibranchs ever applied encompasses a wide geographical area and shapes a robust framework in this study. Four species are recognized in the species complex, including a new one. It is shown that a lack of appropriate taxonomic analysis led recently to considerable errors in species identity assessment of this complex. Chromatic polymorphism for each species is mapped in a periodic-like framework and combined with statistical analysis of the diagnostic features that considerably facilitates identification of particular species in the complex for biologists and practitioners. The present study evidently shows that "cryptic" and "non-cryptic" components are present within the same species. Therefore, this species complex is well suited for the exploring and testing of general biological problems. One of the main conclusions of this study is that division of biological diversity into "cryptic" and "non-cryptic" components is counterproductive. We propose that the central biological phenomenon of a species can instead be universally designated as multilevel organismal diversity thereby provide a practical set of methods for its investigation.

Overview of Indian and Nepali representatives of the Cincticostella nigra (Uéno, 1928) complex (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerellidae), with discussion about Cincticostella Allen, 1971 species complexes.

The concept of the Cincticostella nigra (Uéno, 1928) (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) complex is clarified and Indian and Nepali representatives of the complex are reviewed. Four new species are described viz. Cincticostella changfai Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov., Cincticostella funki Martynov, Selvakumar, Palatov & Vasanth, sp. nov., Cincticostella shinichii Martynov & Palatov, sp. nov. and Cincticostella wangi Selvakumar, Martynov & Subramanian, sp. nov. The larva of C. corpulenta (Braasch, 1981) is re-described, based on the holotype and paratypes. Cincticostella gosei (Allen, 1975) is recorded from India for the first time. Morphological differences of the species complexes of Cincticostella Allen, 1971 are analysed. A new species complex, Cincticostella gosei complex, is proposed. Summaries of distribution data and habitat preferences, as well as new larval diagnoses, are presented for all species of the Cincticostella nigra complex.

Overview of Indian Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with new species and records from related regions.

The Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae: Ephemerellinae) from India and related regions are reviewed, including three new species viz., Serratella palatovi Martynov, Selvakumar Jacobus, sp. nov., Torleya simbalbarensis Selvakumar, Subramanian, Martynov Jacobus, sp. nov., and Torleya dibruensis Selvakumar, Martynov Jacobus, sp. nov.; and first country records of Teloganopsis jinghongensis (Xu, You Hsu, 1984) and Hyrtanella grandipennis (Zhou, Su Gui, 2000). Description of Serratella palatovi sp. nov. is based on material from Thailand, India and Nepal; Torleya simbalbarensis sp. nov. and Torleya dibruensis sp. nov. are described based on material from India. For now, the tribe Hyrtanellini in India comprises eight species from the genera Serratella Edmunds, 1959, Torleya Lestage, 1917, Teloganopsis Ulmer, 1939 and Hyrtanella Allen Edmunds, 1976. Additional records of Teloganopsis jinghongensis from Thailand, Torleya nepalica (Allen Edmunds, 1963) and Torleya coheri (Allen Edmunds, 1963) from Nepal also are provided here. All Indomalayan Hyrtanellini species are discussed to some extent.

First fossil record of the mayfly family Vietnamellidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) from Burmese Amber confirms its Oriental origin and gives new insights into its evolution.

The small, monophyletic mayfly family Vietnamellidae Allen, 1984 has so far only been known from a few extant species of the genus Vietnamella Tshernova, 1972, which are all distributed in the Oriental Realm (Vietnam, Thailand, China, and India). Herein we report the first fossil record of Vietnamellidae based on a male and female imago from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. We establish the new genus Burmella gen. nov. to accommodate these two new Mesozoic specimens. Their attribution to Vietnamellidae is supported by the rounded shape of the hind wings with arched outer margin, the course of thoracic sutures, and characteristics of venation, especially of MP and Cu of the forewings and associated intercalary veins of the cubital field. At the same time, Burmella gen. nov. clearly differs from Vietnamella by a diminished number of longitudinal and cross veins in the hind wings, and by the different shape of male genitalia. This first fossil record of Vietnamellidae supports an age of at least 100 Ma for this taxon.

A new species of Indoganodes Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus, 2014 (Ephemeroptera, Teloganodidae) from Sri Lanka.

A new species, Indoganodes tschertoprudi sp. nov. is described from Sri Lanka. The genus Indoganodes Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus, 2014 was previously known only by one species from the Western Ghats (India). The new species differs from Indoganodes jobini Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus, 2014 by the number of denticles on the claws, shape of the femora, shape of the chalazae on the femora, absence of any median tubercles on the terga, and presence of posterolateral processes only on segments VI-IX. The diagnosis of Indoganodes is also emended. Morphological larval affinities of Indoganodes and Ephemerellina Lestage, 1924 and the probable origin and diversification of I. tschertoprudi sp. nov. are discussed.

A new micropterous species of Leuctra (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) from the Lesser Caucasus (Georgia).

A new micropterous species, Leuctra khachapuri Ziak et Martynov, sp. nov., from the hippopus species-group is described and illustrated based on morphological features of males and females. The new species occurs in crenal waterbodies of the alpine zone of the Adjaro-Imeretian (Meskhetian) Mountain Range, the Lesser Caucasus.

Review of the Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971) complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae), with description of three new species from northern India and Nepal.

The Cincticostella insolta complex (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) is reviewed based on new and historic material, as well as new field observations. Three new species are described viz., C. richardi Martynov Palatov, sp. nov. and C. ranga Selvakumar Subramanian, sp. nov. from India, and C. sivaramakrishnani Martynov Palatov, sp. nov. from Nepal. A correction of the original description and some additional distinguishing features are given for C. braaschi Jacobus McCafferty, 2008. Cincticostella insolta (Allen, 1971), C. braaschi and C. bifurcata Xie, Jia, Chen, Jacobus Zhou, 2009 are recorded from the Indian subregion for the first time. Summaries of known distribution data and habitat preferences, as well as larval diagnoses, are presented for all seven species of the complex.

Redescription of Nigrobaetis rhithralis (Soldán Thomas, 1983) (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae).

Nigrobaetis rhithralis (Soldán Thomas, 1983) is completely redescribed at larval and imaginal stages of both sexes based on the type material. This species and the closely related Palaearctic species Nigrobaetis digitatus (Bengtsson, 1912) were compared to clarify their relationships. Several new distinguishing characters useful for separation of these two species are proposed and discussed; they may be further used to distinguish cryptic species within the genus Nigrobaetis Novikova Kluge, 1987.

The type-specimens of Caraboidea beetles (Coleoptera, Adephaga) deposited in the collections of the I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

A catalogue of type specimens of species and subspecies of caraboid beetles, tiger-beetles here treated as family Cicindelidae, and ground-beetles (Carabidae) of suborder Adephaga deposited in the I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine is provided. For all type-specimens original photos of each specimen (with label) and label data are given in the original spelling (translated to English if the original label was in Cyrillic alphabet). In some cases data concerning the current status of taxons are discussed. Nominal taxa names are alphabethically listed within each family. Altogether, 372 type specimens of 133 taxa names (species and subspecies) are included in the catalogue: 15 holotypes, 344 paratypes (120 species and subspecies) and 13 specimens (9 taxa) with other type status.

Mayflies of the Caucasus Mountains. IV. New species of the genus Nigrobaetis Novikova & Kluge, 1987 (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from Georgia.

A new species of the genus Nigrobaetis Novikova & Kluge, 1987 is described based on larvae from the Caucasus Mountains. Nigrobaetis (Takobia) katerynae Martynov, sp. nov., is easily distinguishable from other Takobia species by the following combination of characters: the shapes of frontal suture, mandibles, labial palp, paraproctal prolongation, gills; the number of setal rows along the external margins of femora; the absence of gills on tergum I; and the colour pattern of body.

Restructuring higher taxonomy using broad-scale phylogenomics: The living Ophiuroidea.

The power and throughput of next-generation sequencing is instigating a major transformation in our understanding of evolution and classification of life on our planet. The new trees of life are robust and comprehensive. Here we provide a landmark phylogeny of the living ophiuroids and use it as the basis for a major revision of the higher classification of this class of marine invertebrates. We used an exon-capture system to generate a 1484 exon (273kbp) data-matrix from DNA extracted from ethanol-preserved museum samples. We successfully obtained an average of 90% of our target sequence from 576 species spread across the known taxonomic diversity. The topology of the major lineages was robust to taxon sampling, exon-sampling, models and methods. However, estimates of node age were much less precise, varying by about a quarter of mean age. We used a combination of phylogenetic distinctiveness and temporal-banding to guide our revision of the family-level classification. Empirically, we determined that limiting family crown age to 110±10Ma (mid Cretaceous) selected phylogenetically distinct nodes while minimising disruption to the existing taxonomy. The resulting scheme of 32 families and six orders considerably expands the number of higher taxa. The families are generally longitudinally widespread across the world's oceans, although 17 are largely confined to temperate and equatorial latitudes and six to relatively shallow water (less than 1000m depth).

Morphological and molecular evidence indicate Dendronotus primorjensis is a valid species that has priority over D. dudkai (Nudibranchia).

Morphological and molecular data of type material of the nudibranch mollusc Dendronotus primorjensis Martynov, Sanamyan, Korshunova, 2015 from the Sea of Japan are summarised and compared with those of Dendronotus dudkai Ekimova, Schepetov, Chichvarkhina, Chichvarkhin, 2016. The clear conclusion is that the latter is a junior synonym of Dendronotus primorjensis.

Karawajew's ant type specimens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the National Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

The collection of W.A. Karawajew is one of the richest and most famous ant collections of the World. Much of this collection consists of dry mounted specimens, including types of about 550 taxa, housed in the Shmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kiev). Nevertheless, we located a considerable part of Karawajew's collection, containing about 25,000 specimens in alcohol, that is preserved in the National Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kiev). The latter material was recently examined and we found types of 24 taxa. This type material was partly mounted, re-ordered and catalogued. In this paper we present a catalogue of these type specimens housed in the National Museum of Natural History.

A new species of Dudgeodes Sartori, 2008 (Ephemeroptera: Teloganodidae) from Thailand.

A new species of the genus Dudgeodes Sartori, 2008 is described from Thailand. It is the first representative of the genus reported from this country. The species is described based on mature nymphs. Dudgeodes romani sp. nov. differs from other species of the genus by the length of antennae; coloration of male eyes; shape of abdominal median tubercles; features of the tarsal claws, forefemora, gills and segments of the labial palps, and by chaetotaxy.

Mayflies of the Caucasus Mountains. III. A new representative of the subgenus Rhodobaetis Jacob, 2003 (Baetidae: Baetis) from the South-Western Caucasus.

A new species of the subgenus Rhodobaetis Jacob, 2003, namely Baetis (Rhodobaetis) vadimi sp. nov., is described based on immature larvae from several localities in Georgia and Turkey. It is the ninth species of the subgenus for Transcaucasia, following six species formally recorded from Turkey and two endemic species described from the Central Caucasus. Larval characters are investigated and illustrated by means of scanning electron microscopy, and discussed in details. The differential diagnosis of this species is provided with regard to other representatives of the subgenus considering the feature set common for Rhodobaetis. The new species can be distinguished from its relatives (species which lack stout setae on the gills' margins), mainly by some characters of mouthparts (particularly labium), the shape and arrangement of stout setae and scales on the body surface, as well as the lack of subapical tiny setae on tarsal claw, and presence of numerous marginal spines and semilunar scale bases on the paraproct plate.