ABSTRACT
The paper presents the results of research and development of ion mobility spectrometer with laser ion sources for detecting ultra-low quantities of explosives in air. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms of the formation of negative ions. It is shown that laser ionization with respect to ion mobility spectrometry provides an increase of sensitivity and selectivity of detection. The ion mobility spectra of the most common nitro explosives are investigated. The detection threshold for laser ion mobility spectrometer was reached at the level of 10-14 g/cm3 (for trinitrotoluene).
Subject(s)
Explosive Agents/analysis , Ion Mobility Spectrometry/instrumentation , Ion Mobility Spectrometry/methods , Trinitrotoluene/analysis , Equipment Design , Ions/analysis , Limit of DetectionABSTRACT
Quantum dot (QD) solids represent a new type of condensed matter drawing high fundamental and applied interest. Quantum confinement in individual QDs, combined with macroscopic scale whole materials, leads to novel exciton and charge transfer features that are particularly relevant to optoelectronic applications. This Perspective discusses the structure of semiconductor QD solids, optical and spectral properties, charge carrier transport, and photovoltaic applications. The distance between adjacent nanoparticles and surface ligands influences greatly electrostatic interactions between QDs and, hence, charge and energy transfer. It is almost inevitable that QD solids exhibit energetic disorder that bears many similarities to disordered organic semiconductors, with charge and exciton transport described by the multiple trapping model. QD solids are synthesized at low cost from colloidal solutions by casting, spraying, and printing. A judicious selection of a layer sequence involving QDs with different size, composition, and ligands can be used to harvest sunlight over a wide spectral range, leading to inexpensive and efficient photovoltaic devices.
