ABSTRACT
Lung recruitment strategies, such as the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), are thought to protect the lungs from ventilator-associated injury by reducing the shear stress associated with the repeated opening of collapsed peripheral units. Using the parenchymal marker technique, we measured regional lung deformations in 13 oleic acid (OA)-injured dogs during mechanical ventilation in different postures. Whereas OA injury caused a marked decrease in the oscillation amplitude of dependent lung regions, even the most dependent regions maintained normal end-expiratory dimensions. This is because dependent lung is flooded as opposed to collapsed. PEEP restored oscillation amplitudes only at pressures that raised regional volumes above preinjury levels. Because the amount of PEEP necessary to promote dependent lung recruitment increased the end-expiratory dimensions of all lung regions (nondependent AND dependent ones) compared with their preinjury baseline, the "price" for recruitment is a universal increase in parenchymal stress. We conclude that the mechanics of the OA-injured lung might be more appropriately viewed as a partial liquid ventilation problem and not a shear stress and airway collapse problem and that the mechanisms of PEEP-related lung protection might have to be rethought.
Subject(s)
Lung/physiology , Oleic Acid/toxicity , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Animals , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Carbon Dioxide/blood , Dogs , Heart Rate/drug effects , Liquid Ventilation , Lung/drug effects , Oxygen/blood , Partial Pressure , Posture , Pulmonary Artery/drug effects , Pulmonary Artery/physiology , Supine PositionABSTRACT
It has been suggested that dependent regions of an injured lung are collapsed and subject to cyclic reopening and collapse during mechanical ventilation. To test this hypothesis, we measured both temporal and spatial heterogeneity of lobar expansion in oleic acid (OA)-injured dogs. Regional volumes were measured in nine dogs (seven supine and two prone) during closed loop sinusoidal oscillations of the lungs before and after OA injury using the parenchymal marker technique. In contrast to computer tomography, the parenchymal marker technique provides absolute measures of regional tissue dimensions as opposed to relative measures of regional air to liquid content. The experiments generated three major findings: (1) OA injury did not lead to the collapse of dependent lung units at FRC, (2) OA injury did not steepen the vertical gradient in regional lung volumes at FRC, and (3) during sinusoidal oscillation of the OA-injured lungs from FRC, dependent regions did not undergo cyclic reopening and collapse. On the basis of these results, we propose an alternative mechanism for the topographic variability in regional impedances and lung expansion after injury, namely liquid and foam in conducting airways.
Subject(s)
Lung/drug effects , Oleic Acid/toxicity , Pulmonary Atelectasis/chemically induced , Respiration, Artificial , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Dogs , Functional Residual Capacity/drug effects , Functional Residual Capacity/physiology , Lung/physiopathology , Lung Volume Measurements , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Pulmonary Alveoli/drug effects , Pulmonary Alveoli/physiopathology , Pulmonary Atelectasis/physiopathology , Pulmonary Gas Exchange/drug effects , Pulmonary Gas Exchange/physiology , Respiratory Mechanics/drug effects , Respiratory Mechanics/physiologyABSTRACT
The degree of practice effects with the Brief NIMH Neuropsychological Battery for HIV Infection and AIDS is reported using a 7-10 day test-retest interval. The patient groups were asymptomatic and symptomatic of HIV while the control group was made up of "at risk" volunteers. Statistically significant practice effects were obtained on the California Verbal Learning Test, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task and the Visual Search Test among the infected individuals. The controls subjects demonstrated statistically significant practice effects on all of the neuropsychological tests. The implications of these findings in prospective studies are discussed.
