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2.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 51(3): 143-50, 2004 Mar.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15200186

ABSTRACT

Mechanical ventilation is necessary for treating patients with severe brain injury because it guarantees the airway (through endotracheal intubation), permits sedation (and even curarization), and prevents hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia. Hyperventilation continues to be a focus of debate in the current literature. Nevertheless, the weight of scientific evidence to date suggests that it should not be applied prophylactically during the first 24 hours and that patients should not be hyperventilated for prolonged periods in the absence of intracranial hypertension. Acute lung injury and respiratory distress are among the most frequent and serious complications related to severe brain injury that benefit from the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and ventilation to protect the lung. Gas insufflation through the trachea is a promising therapeutic option for correcting hypercapnia secondary to ventilation for lung protection in such patients. Finally, multimodal monitoring (intracranial pressure, central venous pressure, oxygen saturation detected in the jugular bulb, cerebral oxygen pressure) is recommended for adjusting PEEP and controlling hyperventilation.


Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/therapy , Respiration, Artificial , Brain Injuries/complications , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Contraindications , Humans , Hypercapnia/etiology , Hypercapnia/prevention & control , Hypercapnia/therapy , Hyperventilation/etiology , Hyperventilation/prevention & control , Hypoxia/etiology , Hypoxia/prevention & control , Insufflation , Intracranial Hypertension/etiology , Intracranial Hypertension/therapy , Intubation, Intratracheal , Lung Diseases/etiology , Lung Diseases/prevention & control , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Respiration Disorders/etiology , Respiration Disorders/therapy , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/prevention & control , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy
3.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 51(3): 143-150, mar. 2004.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-32765

ABSTRACT

La ventilación mecánica constituye una maniobra terapéutica imprescindible en el paciente con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave, puesto que se protege la vía aérea (a través de la intubación endotraqueal), permite la sedación (e incluso curarización) y evita la hipoxemia y/o la hipercapnia. La hiperventilación sigue siendo objeto de debate en la literatura actual. Sin embargo, la evidencia científica acumulada sugiere no aplicarla de forma profiláctica durante las primeras 24 horas, así como no hiperventilar a los pacientes durante períodos prolongados en ausencia de hipertensión intracraneal. Entre las complicaciones más frecuentes y graves asociadas al paciente con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave, destacan la lesión pulmonar aguda y el distrés respiratorio que, en el paciente con traumatismo craneoencefálico, se beneficiarán de la aplicación de PEEP y de la ventilación de protección pulmonar. La insuflación traqueal de gas constituye una herramienta terapéutica prometedora en la corrección de la hipercapnia secundaria a la ventilación de protección pulmonar en este tipo de pacientes. Por último, tanto para ajustar el nivel de PEEP como la hiperventilación, se recomienda una monitorización multimodal (presión intracraneal, presión venosa central, saturación venosa de oxígeno en el golfo de la yugular, presión tisular cerebral de oxígeno) (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiration, Artificial , Respiration, Artificial , Hypoxia , Hypercapnia , Hyperventilation , Intubation, Intratracheal , Intracranial Hypertension , Insufflation , Monitoring, Physiologic , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Respiration Disorders , Respiratory Distress Syndrome , Intracranial Hypertension , Brain Injuries, Traumatic , Lung Diseases
4.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 47(6): 235-44, 2000.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10981439

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Patient-ventilator desynchronization can develop during weaning from proportional-assist ventilation. Poor adaptation between ventilator assistance and the patient's ventilatory demand is termed asynchrony. OBJECTIVES: Comparative analysis of types and incidence of asynchrony in patients receiving pressure support (PS) ventilation or amplified spontaneous pattern (ASP) ventilation, to determine whether the presence of asynchrony is related to a patient's level of dyspnea or anxiety. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients were studied prospectively after undergoing coronary revascularization. Baseline anxiety was assessed before surgery. A pleural catheter was inserted during surgery. After surgery patients were randomly assigned to ventilation with PS mode or ASP. Flow curves, flow volume, airway pressure and pleural pressure were recorded by a BioCore CP100 monitor once the patient's work of breathing held steady between 0.3 and 0.5 J/l. The curves were recorded for 10 m on a computer for later analysis. After each recording dyspnea and anxiety were assessed. Fifty consecutive cycles per patient were analyzed, signalling in each case the start of inspiration and expiration. RESULTS: Nine hundred ventilatory cycles were analyzed to identify five types of patient-ventilator asynchrony: 1) self-cycled (SC: inspiratory assistance from the ventilator without demand by patient); 2) no effort detected (NED: patient inspiratory effort but no flow response from the ventilator); 3) interrupted support (IS: interruption of ventilatory support during patient inspiration); 4) prolonged mechanical inspiration (PMI: maintenance of ventilatory support during patient expiration), and 5) double-breath, single cycle (DBSC: sequence of inspiration-expiration-inspiration of the patient within a single assisted inspiration). Asynchronic cycles were found in all PS-ventilated patients (84 of 450; 18.7%): 9.1% SC, 4% NED, 2.2% IS, 1.5% PMI and 1.8% DBSC. Asynchronic cycles were seen in only two ASP patients (16 of 450; 3.5%); both cases were NED asynchrony. Levels of anxiety and dyspnea were slightly higher with the PS mode than with ASP but the differences were not significant (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of asynchrony during assisted ventilation is very high with the PS mode and is substantially less with ASP. Asynchrony is difficult to detect clinically and is revealed only by advanced cycle-to-cycle monitoring.


Subject(s)
Postoperative Care , Respiration, Artificial/methods , Respiration , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Pressure , Prospective Studies , Time Factors
5.
Rev. esp. anestesiol. reanim ; 47(6): 235-244, jun. 2000.
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-3550

ABSTRACT

Introducción . Durante el destete de la ventilación mecánica usando métodos de soporte ventilatorio parcial puede producirse desincronización paciente-respirador. Denominamos asincronismo a la desadaptación entre la asistencia del respirador y la demanda ventilatoria del paciente.Objetivos. Análisis comparativo de los tipos e incidencia de asincronismos en pacientes ventilados con presión de soporte (PSV) y con patrón espontáneo amplificado (PEA). Observar si su presencia se relaciona con el grado de confort (disnea y ansiedad) del paciente.Pacientes y métodos. Se estudiaron prospectivamente 18 pacientes postoperados de revascularización coronaria. Preoperatoriamente, se valoró el grado de ansiedad basal. Intraoperatoriamente, se colocó un catéter pleural. En el postoperatorio, los pacientes fueron ventilados aleatoriamente con PSV y PEA. Las curvas de flujo, volumen corriente, presión en vía aérea y presión pleural fueron obtenidas con un monitor Bicore CP100, cuando el trabajo respiratorio del paciente fue constante entre 0,3 y 0,5 J/l. Las curvas fueron recogidas durante 10 min en un ordenador para su posterior análisis. Tras cada registro se evaluó la disnea y la ansiedad. Se analizaron 50 ciclos consecutivos por paciente, señalando en cada uno de ellos el inicio de la inspiración y espiración.Resultados. Se analizaron un total de 900 ciclos ventilatorios, detectándose cinco tipos de asincronismo paciente-respirador: 1) autociclado (AC, asistencia inspiratoria del ventilador sin demanda del paciente); 2) esfuerzo no detectado (END, esfuerzo inspiratorio del paciente sin que se produzca respuesta de flujo del ventilador); 3) soporte interrumpido (SI, interrupción del apoyo ventilatorio durante la inspiración del paciente); 4) inspiración mecánica prolongada (IMP, mantenimiento del soporte ventilatorio durante la espiración del paciente), y 5) doble respiración-ciclo único (DRCU, secuencia de inspiración-espiración-inspiración del paciente dentro de una única asistencia inspiratoria). En todos los pacientes con PSV se encontraron ciclos asincrónicos (84 de 450; 18,7 por ciento); un 9,1 por ciento de AC, un 4 por ciento de END, un 2,2 por ciento de SI, un 1,5 por ciento de IMP y un 1,8 por ciento de DRCU. Con PEA se encontraron ciclos asincrónicos sólo en dos pacientes (16 de 450; 3,5 por ciento), siendo todos ellos del tipo END. En nuestro estudio el grado de ansiedad y de disnea con PSV fue algo superior al obtenido con la PEA, pero las diferencias no fueron significativas (p = 0,05).Conclusiones. La incidencia de asincronismos durante la asistencia ventilatoria con PSV es muy elevada y se reduce notablemente con PEA. Clínicamente, los asincronismos son difícilmente detectables y sólo el análisis ciclo a ciclo, mediante monitorización avanzada, los pone de manifiesto (AU)


No disponible


Subject(s)
Aged , Male , Female , Humans , Postoperative Care , Respiration , Time Factors , Prospective Studies , Respiration, Artificial , Pressure
6.
Selección (Madr.) ; 9(1): 7-16, ene. 2000. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-10134

ABSTRACT

Dentro de las posibles causas de producción de lesiones en el atletismo se encuentran las asociadas a las características de la pista en la que los atletas entrenan y/o compiten. Basándose en esto y para intentar reducir el riesgo de aparición de lesiones de este tipo, la Federación Internacional de Atletismo (IAAF), creó una normativa para homologar pistas de atletismo para eventos de nivel mundial, atendiendo a criterios de prevención de lesiones, pero sin dejar de lado el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio pretende analizar si, desde el punto de vista de la prevención de lesiones, el nivel que ha marcado la IAAF en su normativa tiene relación con lo que realmente perciben los atletas, y ver si, efectivamente, dicho nivel es el adecuado (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Athletic Injuries/prevention & control , Research , Technology Assessment, Biomedical , Surveys and Questionnaires , Communitarian Organization , 35165 , Statistics, Nonparametric , Materials Testing
7.
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim ; 46(5): 197-204, 1999 May.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10379186

ABSTRACT

HYPOTHESIS: Amplified spontaneous pattern (ASP) ventilation is a new method for giving partial support by reproducing, in an amplified manner, the patients' own spontaneous flow wave form, thereby optimizing patient adaptation to support. OBJECTIVES: To study clinical use of ASP ventilation for the first time in terms of flow wave form, patient synchronization, ventilation pattern, work of breathing (WOB), and inspiratory effort by transpulmonary pressure (TPP) and to compare ASP and pressure support ventilation applied in a similar clinical setting. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We studied 20 patients after heart surgery during weaning from controlled ventilation. Each patient was ventilated during 4 phases of 15 min each with two similar levels of support using ASP and PS applied successively and randomly. Maximum support (ASPmax and PSmax) was that which was set to give the same respiratory frequency (F) and tidal volume (VT) as that recorded during the earlier period of controlled ventilation. Half support (PEA1/2 and PS1/2) was set for half the aforementioned levels. At the end of each phase we obtained gas measurements and flow (V) curves and VT and pressure in airways and esophagus (Pes) to measure F, VT, the ratio of inspiratory to total time (TI/TTOT and TPP, as well as the VT/Pes loop with a mechanical ventilation monitor. The WOB was determined by measuring area under the curve (Campbell's method). RESULTS: We observed no significant differences between the two modes, with similar levels of support, with regard to ventilation (PaCO2) or ventilatory pattern (F, VT, TI/TTOT). De-adaptation occurred, however, eight times with PS (25%) but never with ASP. WOB and TPP decreased with PS when level of support increased, whereas with ASP these variables were constant regardless of level of amplification within the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Adaptation to support is better with ASP than with PS during postoperative weaning and causes no significant respiratory work overload.


Subject(s)
Postoperative Care/methods , Respiratory Therapy/methods , Adaptation, Physiological , Carbon Dioxide/blood , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Hemodynamics , Humans , Myocardial Revascularization , Oxygen/blood , Partial Pressure , Postoperative Complications/physiopathology , Postoperative Complications/therapy , Prospective Studies , Pulmonary Gas Exchange , Pulmonary Ventilation , Respiration Disorders/physiopathology , Respiration Disorders/therapy , Respiratory Function Tests , Respiratory Muscles/physiopathology , Ventilator Weaning , Work of Breathing
8.
Eur J Pharmacol ; 326(2-3): 175-81, 1997 May 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9196270

ABSTRACT

This study examined whether a clinically relevant concentration of the volatile anaesthetic halothane modifies the endothelium-dependent relaxation produced by acetylcholine (3 nM-10 microM), histamine (1 pM-0.1 microM) and anti-human immunoglobulin E (1:1000) in human isolated pulmonary arteries submaximally precontracted with noradrenaline. An inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (100 microM), attenuated acetylcholine-induced relaxation but failed to inhibit histamine- and anti-human immunoglobulin E-induced relaxation. Indomethacin (2.8 microM, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) preferentially reduced the relaxation to histamine and anti-human IgE. Halothane (2%) significantly attenuated the relaxation to acetylcholine but had no significant effect on the relaxation elicited by histamine and anti-human IgE. Halothane (2%) enhanced the basal release of prostaglandin I2 by human pulmonary arteries (control 0.31 +/- 0.04 ng mg(-1); treated tissues 0.50 +/- 0.06 ng mg(-1); n = 5; P < 0.05). Halothane (2%) did not alter the responsiveness and sensitivity of preparations to relaxants acting through activation of adenylyl cyclase (forskolin) or guanylyl cyclase (sodium nitroprusside) or by the opening of K(ATP) channels (cromakalim). In conclusion, halothane inhibits the endothelium-dependent relaxation of human pulmonary arteries to acetylcholine by interfering with the nitric oxide pathway at a site before activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase in vascular smooth muscle.


Subject(s)
Acetylcholine/antagonists & inhibitors , Anesthetics, Inhalation/pharmacology , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Halothane/pharmacology , Pulmonary Artery/drug effects , Vasodilator Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Adenylyl Cyclases , Benzopyrans/pharmacology , Colforsin/pharmacology , Cromakalim , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Enzyme Activation , Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism , Humans , Immunoglobulin E/immunology , In Vitro Techniques , Nitroprusside/pharmacology , Pyrroles/pharmacology
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