First record of the spider family Trechaleidae Simon, 1890 (Araneae) from China.

The family Trechaleidae Simon, 1890 is reported for the first time from China, including one new species: Shinobiuscona sp. nov. (♂♀). Morphological descriptions, photos and illustrations of the new species are provided. Taxonomic features of species belonging to the genus are briefly discussed. Photos of the female of Shinobiusorientalis (Yaginuma, 1967) are also presented to compare it with the new species.

A new monotypic genus of cobweb spiders from the Russian Far East (Araneae, Theridiidae).

A new theridiid spider, Knoflachiakurilensisgen. et sp. nov., is described from the Kuril Islands (Kunashir). The new genus belongs to the 'Anelosimus clade (clade 24)' of Agnarsson (2004). A pair of raised, fused setal sockets on the cheliceral promargin adjacent to the fang base was found to be another synapomorphy of all the 'distal theridiids' (the 'elongated central claw clade (clade 33)': argyrodins, 'Anelosimus clade' and theridiins). Knoflachiakurilensissp. nov. demonstrates a male polymorphism similar to some Anelosimus Simon, 1891 species (e.g., A.studiosus (Hentz, 1850)).

New data on Dysdera Latreille, 1804 and Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 (Araneae: Dysderidae) of the Caucasus, with new species and records.

In this paper, we provide new taxonomic and faunistic data on the dysderid spider genera Dysdera Latreille, 1804 and Harpactea Bristowe, 1939 based on material collected in the Caucasus region. We identified a total of seventeen species, of which D. atabekia sp. n. (; Goychay and Ismayilli districts, Azerbaijan), H. abasgiana sp. n. (; Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia), and H. dunini sp. n. (; Zagatala district, Azerbaijan) are described as new to science and their distributions are mapped. Furthermore, three new records are provided: D. daghestanica Dunin, 1991 from Krasnodar Krai, D. concinna L. Koch, 1878 from Iran, and D. mazini Dunin, 1991 from Azerbaijan. By examining the type series of Harpactea caucasia (Kulczyski, 1895), we found that at least a part of Dunins records of this species refer to H. abasgiana sp. n., and his figures of this species in fact refer to an undescribed species. Brief notes are provided on the northernmost distribution limits of Dysderidae.

On the synonymy of Dactylopisthoides Eskov, 1990 and Uusitaloia Marusik, Koponen & Danilov, 2001 (Araneae, Linyphiidae).

Two erigonine genera from East Siberia are synonymized: Uusitaloia Marusik, Koponen & Danilov, 2001, syn. nov. = Dactylopisthoides Eskov, 1990. Two new combinations are established: Dactylopisthoidestransbaicalicus (Marusik, Koponen & Danilov, 2001), comb. nov. and Dactylopisthoideswrangelianus (Marusik & Koponen, 2009), comb. nov. both ex. Uusitaloia. The epigyne of D.wrangelianus is illustrated for the first time. A new, updated diagnosis of Dactylopisthoides is proposed. The copulatory organs of both sexes of D.hyperboreus and D.wrangelianus are illustrated by SEM images.

A new species related to Pardosaatrata (Araneae, Lycosidae) from Armenia makes the distribution range of the atrata group disjunctive.

Species of wolf spiders considered in the Pardosaatrata group are surveyed, and comparative figures of all species included in the group are presented for the first time. A new species, P.armeniacasp. nov., is described from the shore of Lake Sevan (Armenia) based on both sexes. Pardosanarymica Savelyeva, 1972 from East Kazakhstan Oblast' is synonymized with the trans-Palaearctic P.atrata (Thorell, 1873). It was found that the record of P.atrata (sub P.lapponica) by Schenkel from British Columbia and reflected in the World Spider Catalog in fact refers to P.concinna (Thorell, 1877), a member of the P.lapponica group. The distribution of three species consideredin the atrata group are mapped. The discovery of P.armeniacasp. nov. has led to a re-evaluation of the distribution range, previously thought to be continuous, now showing a disjunctive pattern.

Notes on Dysderidae (Arachnida, Araneae) of Armenia and Iran, with new species and records.

New data are provided on dysderid spiders of Armenia and Iran. Dysderahaykanasp. nov. is described based on male specimens collected in Kotayk and Lor provinces, central and northern Armenia. The female of Dysderanakhchivanica Beydizade, Shafaie & Guseinov, 2018 is described for the first time, and the species is newly recorded from Armenia. Furthermore, new distribution data are provided for Harpacteaarmenica Dunin, 1989, including the first record of the species from Iran. Photographs and a distribution map are provided for all three species.

Ride on female for "prima nocta" or close attachment in the araneid spider Caerostris sumatrana Strand, 1915 (Araneae: Araneidae).

A unique type of mate guarding behavior is discovered in the araneid spider Caerostris sumatrana Strand, 1915: the male waits for the female's maturity while staying tied to the dorsal surface of her abdomen. The species is redescribed in detail. General appearance of the male and its fine structures are illustrated by scanning electron microscopy for the first time. Genital emasculation in the male of this species is reported for the first time.

A survey of the spider genus Dysdera Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Dysderidae) in Iran, with fourteen new species and notes on two fossil genera.

The taxonomy of the Iranian species of the dysderid spider genus Dysdera Latreille, 1804 is revised. Currently, the only species of this genus known from Iran is D.pococki Dunin, 1985, albeit on the basis of a doubtful record. The following 14 species are described as new to science in this paper: D.achaemenessp. nov. (♀; Fars), D.bakhtiarisp. nov. (♂; Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari), D.damavandicasp. nov. (♂; Mazandaran), D.genoensissp. nov. (♂♀; Hormozgan), D.hormuzensissp. nov. (♀; Hormozgan), D.iranicasp. nov. (♂♀; Fars, Hormozgan), D.isfahanicasp. nov. (♂♀; Isfahan), D.mazerunisp. nov. (♀; Mazandaran), D.medessp. nov. (♂; Tehran), D.persicasp. nov. (♂♀; Golestan, Mazandaran), D.sagartiasp. nov. (♂♀; Tehran), D.tapuriasp. nov. (♂♀; Mazandaran), D.verkanasp. nov. (♂; Golestan), and D.xerxesisp. nov. (♂; Bushehr). Distribution records of all species are mapped. Also, the taxonomy of Mistura Petrunkevitch, 1971 and Segistriites Straus, 1967, two fossil genera currently considered in Dysderidae, is discussed and the latter is transferred to Segestriidae.

A new genus of Textricini Lehtinen, 1967 (Araneae, Agelenidae) from Anatolia.

Türkiye is known to have the highest diversity of the spider family Agelenidae in the Western Palaearctic and the highest diversity of the subfamily Ageleninae globally. The new agelenid genus Anatextrixgen. nov. (Ageleninae, Textricini) and its type species, A.spectabilissp. nov. (♂♀; Mersin and Adana provinces, southern Türkiye), are described. A key to all four genera of Textricini is provided.

New data on cave spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iran, with new species and records.

New data on Iranian spiders is provided based on 92 specimens collected from the interiors or surroundings of 27 caves. These specimens belong to 17 species in nine families, of which five species are described as new to science: Tegenaria pallens Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. (; Gakal Cave, Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad Province) (Agelenidae); Dysdera elamana Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. (; Barreh Zard Cave, Ilam Province); and Harpactea zagros Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. (; Raad-e Gharbi Cave, Ilam Province) (both Dysderidae); Troglohyphantes megagynus Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. (; Kabootarlan Cave, Ilam Province) (Linyphiidae); and Mesiotelus iranicus Zamani & Marusik, sp. n. (; Mir Melas Cave, Lorestan Province) (Liocranidae). Additionally, two genera, Scotargus Simon, 1913 and Odontodrassus Jzquel, 1965, and three species, Odontodrassus mundulus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) and Synaphosus syntheticus (Chamberlin, 1924) (both Gnaphosidae), and Scotargus pilosus Simon, 1913 (Linyphiidae), are recorded in Iran for the first time. The newly described and recorded species are accompanied by illustrations.

New and poorly known species of Palpimanus Dufour, 1820 (Araneae, Palpimanidae) from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Two new species, Palpimanus logunovi sp. n. () and P. rakhimovi sp. n. (), are described from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan respectively. Lectotype has been designated for the poorly known species, P. sogdianus Charitonov, 1946 from Uzbekistan and is redescribed based on type and newly collected material. (Re)descriptions, figures, diagnoses, distribution map and photograps of habitats of all the studied species are provided.

A survey of the Sumatran Ctenidae (Araneae). 1. Two new Acantheis species.

Two new species of Acantheis Thorell, 1891 are described from Sumatra Island: A. andreimishenini sp. n. () and A. sergeimishenini sp. n. (). Detailed descriptions, digital photographs and a distributional map are provided. Male copulatory organs and habitus of A. dimidiatus (Thorell, 1890) from the same island are shown for the first time. The male and female copulatory organs of Acantheis are described in detail for the first time.

New taxonomic data on Zodariinae (Araneae: Zodariidae) of Azerbaijan, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.

New taxonomic considerations on several species of the zodariid spider subfamily Zodariinae Thorell, 1881 occurring in Azerbaijan, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan are presented. Three species, Trygetus cyrus sp. n. (; Fars, south-central Iran), T. nakhchivanicus sp. n. (; Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan) and Zodarion sharurensis sp. n. (; Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan) are described as new, and the hitherto unknown male of Trygetus susianus Zamani Marusik, 2021 is described based on topotype material from Khuzestan, southwestern Iran. Indozodion Ovtchinnikov, 2006 stat. rev. is rediagnosed and removed from the synonymy of Tropizodium Jocqu Churchill, 2005, and here considered to comprise I. inayatullahi Ovtchinnikov, 2006 comb. rev. (type species) and I. lindbergi (Roewer, 1960) comb. n. (ex. Zodarion Walckenaer, 1826); the latter species, previously known only from Afghanistan, is redescribed and reported from Pakistan. One of the paratypes of I. lindbergi, reported as a subadult female in the original description, is found to be an adult female of Parazodarion raddei (Simon, 1889). An error in a previous publication (attributing figures of Acanthinozodium elburzicum Zamani Marusik, 2021 to P. raddei) is also corrected here.

New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva amp; Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera.

New taxonomic considerations in the zodariid spider genus Zodariellum Andreeva Tyshchenko, 1968 are proposed. On the basis of male specimens collected in Turkmenistan, Z. turanicum sp. n. and Z. turkmenicum sp. n. are described as new to science. Six species, namely Z. hunanense (Yin, 2012) comb. n., Z. planum (Zhang Zhang, 2019) comb. n., Z. spasskyi (Charitonov, 1946) comb. n., Z. tadzhikum (Andreeva Tyshchenko, 1968) comb. n., Z. testaceofasciatum (Spassky, 1941) comb. n. and Z. zebra (Charitonov, 1946) comb. n., are newly transferred from Zodarion Walckenaer, 1826 to Zodariellum. Two new synonymies are proposed: Zodarion apertum Zhang Zhang, 2019 syn. n. is synonymized with Zodariellum mongolicum Marusik Koponen, 2001, and Zodarion martynovae Andreeva Tyshchenko, 1968 syn. n. is synonymized with Z. continentale (Andreeva Tyshchenko, 1968). Additionally, illustrations are provided for three poorly known Central Asian species, namely Z. asiaticum (Tyshchenko, 1970), Z. bactrianum (Kroneberg, 1875) and Z. nenilini (Eskov, 1995). A deep and conical diverticulum of unknown function, located on the retrodorsal side of the cymbium is documented in Zodariellum for the first time; the presence of similar structures in different zodariid genera is discussed.

Climate shapes the spatiotemporal variation in color morph diversity and composition across the distribution range of Chrysomela lapponica leaf beetle.

Color polymorphism offers rich opportunities for studying the eco-evolutionary mechanisms that drive the adaptations of local populations to heterogeneous and changing environments. We explored the color morph diversity and composition in a Chrysomela lapponica leaf beetle across its entire distribution range to test the hypothesis that environmental and climatic variables shape spatiotemporal variation in the phenotypic structure of a polymorphic species. We obtained information on 13 617 specimens of this beetle from museums, private collections, and websites. These specimens (collected from 1830-2020) originated from 959 localities spanning 33° latitude, 178° longitude, and 4200 m altitude. We classified the beetles into five color morphs and searched for environmental factors that could explain the variation in the level of polymorphism (quantified by the Shannon diversity index) and in the relative frequencies of individual color morphs. The highest level of polymorphism was found at high latitudes and altitudes. The color morphs differed in their climatic requirements; composition of colour morphs was independent of the geographic distance that separated populations but changed with collection year, longitude, mean July temperature and between-year temperature fluctuations. The proportion of melanic beetles, in line with the thermal melanism hypothesis, increased with increasing latitude and altitude and decreased with increasing climate seasonality. Melanic morph frequencies also declined during the past century, but only at high latitudes and altitudes where recent climate warming was especially strong. The observed patterns suggest that color polymorphism is especially advantageous for populations inhabiting unpredictable environments, presumably due to the different climatic requirements of coexisting color morphs.

The first Western Palearctic record of Euprosthenops Pocock (Araneae, Pisauridae), with description of a new species from Israel.

The primarily Afrotropical genus Euprosthenops Pocock, 1897 is recorded in the Western Palearctic for the first time. A diagnosis and an illustrated description of E.insperatus sp. nov., based on a single male from southern Israel, are provided. Considering the structure of the male palp, the holotype of E.insperatus sp. nov. resembles males of two widespread African species, E.australis Simon, 1898 and E.proximus Lessert, 1916; it differs from them by colouration pattern as well as by the different shapes of the retrolateral tibial apophysis and the palpal sclerites. A short survey of the regional insect and spider genera of the paleotropical origin is also presented.

Resurrection of the spider genus Bucliona Benoit, 1977, with a description of a new species from Kenya (Araneae, Clubionidae).

The monotypic genus Bucliona Benoit, 1977 (type Clubiona dubia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870 from Saint Helena Island), previously considered a junior synonym of Clubiona Latreille, 1804, is resurrected. Three species are assigned to the genus Bucliona: B. dubia comb. reval., B. kirilli sp. n. (♂, Kenya), and B. jucunda (Karsch, 1879) comb. n., ex Clubiona (♂♀, Far East Asia).

Notes on the spider genus Dysdera Latreille, 1804 (Araneae: Dysderidae) in Central Asia.

A new species, Dysdera mikhailovi sp. nov. (♀), is described from Tajikistan (nr. Dushanbe). A poorly known species Dysdera subcylindrica Charitonov, 1956 from Central Asia is redescribed based on newly collected material. Dysdera dushengi Lin, Chang et Li, 2020, known from western Xinjiang (China) is reported from Kazakhstan for the first time. (Re)descriptions, figures, diagnoses and distribution maps of all the studied species are provided.

Glebych minutissimus gen. et sp. nov., the smallest cobweb spider (Araneae: Theridiidae).

Glebych minutissimus gen. et sp. n., (♂♀), a minute six-eyed and apparently lungless theridiid spider, inhabiting epiphytes in foggy-forest belt at Peruvian Andes is described, representing the smallest (total length varies from 0.79 to 0.92 mm, carapace length ca. 0.36 mm) member of the family. Glebych gen. n. is related to the Neotropic genus Styposis Simon, 1894, which is small-sized and six-eyed as well.