The synthesis and biological evaluation of new DNA-directed alkylating agents, phenyl N-mustard-4-anilinoquinoline conjugates containing a urea linker.

We synthesized a series of phenyl N-mustard-4-anilinoquinoline conjugates to study their antitumorigenic effects. These agents were prepared by the condensation of 4-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl isocyanate with 6-amino-4-methylamino or 4-anilinoquinolines. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that the C2-methylquinoline derivatives (18a-o) were generally more cytotoxic than the C2-phenylquinoline conjugates (23a-d) in inhibiting the cell growth of various human tumor cell lines in vitro. However, the methylamino or aniline substituents at C4 of quinoline did not influence the cytotoxic effects. The title conjugates were capable of inducing DNA cross-linking and promoting cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. This study demonstrates that phenyl N-mustard-4-anilinoquinoline conjugates are generally more potent than phenyl N-mustard-4-anilinoquinazoline conjugates against the cell growth of various tumor cell-lines.

Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of novel benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives.

A series of novel 2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazoles and their bis(alkylcarbamate) derivatives were synthesized starting from benzothiazole via reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD)/tetra-fluoro boric acid, catalytic hydrogenation, and alkylcarbamoylation. The anti-proliferative activity of these agents against human leukemia and various solid tumor cell growth in vitro was studied. The structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the bis(alkylcarbamates) derivatives are generally more cytotoxic than the corresponding bis(hydroxymethyl) congeners in inhibiting human lymphoblastic leukemia CCRF-CEM and various human solid tumor cell growth in culture. These agents have no cross-resistance to taxol or vinblastine. Studies on the therapeutic effect against human breast carcinoma MX-1 xenograft showed that complete tumor remission (CR) were achieved by treating with C1-4'-F- or C1-4'-Cl-Ph-bis(i-propylcarbamates) derivatives (19b and 19c, respectively) and more than 99% tumor suppression by the corresponding bis(ethylcarbamates) 18b and 18c at the maximal tolerated dose. Alkaline agarose gel shifting assay revealed that the newly synthesized compounds are able to induce DNA interstrand cross-linking. The present studies generated a series of new potent DNA interstrand cross-linking agents, which have potential for further antitumor drug development.

Design, synthesis and antitumor evaluation of phenyl N-mustard-quinazoline conjugates.

A series of N-mustard-quinazoline conjugates was synthesized and subjected to antitumor studies. The N-mustard pharmacophore was attached at the C-6 of the 4-anilinoquinazolines via a urea linker. To study the structure-activity relationships of these conjugates, various substituents were introduced to the C-4 anilino moiety. The preliminary antitumor studies revealed that these agents exhibited significant antitumor activity in inhibiting various human tumor cell growths in vitro. Compounds 21b, 21g, and 21h were selected for further antitumor activity evaluation against human breast carcinoma MX-1 and prostate PC-3 xenograft in animal model. These agents showed 54-75% tumor suppression with low toxicity (5-7% body-weight changes). We also demonstrate that the newly synthesized compounds are able to induce DNA cross-linking through alkaline agarose gel shift assay and inhibited cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase.

Novel bifunctional alkylating agents, 5,10-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline derivatives, synthesis and biological activity.

A series of linear pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline derivatives was synthesized for antitumor evaluation. The preliminary antitumor studies reveal that both bis(hydroxymethyl) and their bis(alkylcarbamate) derivatives show significant antitumor activity in inhibiting various human tumor cell growth in vitro. 1,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-methyl-5,10-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline (20a) was selected for antitumor studies in animal models. The results show that this agent can induce complete tumor remission or significant suppression in nude mice bearing human breast (MX-1) xenograft and ovarian (SK-OV-3) xenografts, respectively. Alkaline agarose gel shifting assay showed that 20a is able to cross-link with DNA. Studies on the cell cycle inhibition revealed that this agent induces cell arrest at G2/M phase. The results warrant further antitumor investigation against other human tumor growth in animal models.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel water-soluble N-mustards as potential anticancer agents.

A series of novel water-soluble N-mustard-benzene conjugates bearing a urea linker were synthesized. The benzene moiety contains various hydrophilic side chains are linked to the meta- or para-position of the urea linker via a carboxamide or an ether linkage. The preliminary antitumor studies revealed that these agents exhibited potent cytotoxicity in vitro and therapeutic efficacy against human tumor xenografts in vivo. Remarkably, complete tumor remission in nude mice bearing human breast carcinoma MX-1 xenograft and significant suppression against prostate adenocarcinoma PC3 xenograft were achieved by treating with compound 9aa' at the maximum tolerable dose with relatively low toxicity. We also demonstrate that the newly synthesized compounds are able to induce DNA cross-linking through alkaline agarose gel shift assay. A pharmacokinetic profile of the representative 9aa' in rats was also investigated. The current studies suggest that this agent is a promising candidate for preclinical studies.