Modelling the benefits of urine source separation scenarios on wastewater treatment plants within an urban water basin.

Stringent discharge regulations are encouraging researchers to create innovative and sustainable wastewater treatment solutions. Urine source separation (USS) is among the potent approaches that may reduce nutrient peak loads in the influent wastewater and improve nutrient recovery. A phenomenological model was used to simulate dynamic influent properties and predict the advantages gained from implementing USS in an urban water basin. Several scenarios were investigated assuming different levels of deployment: at the entire city, or specifically in office buildings for men's urine only, or for both men and women employees. The results confirmed that all scenarios of urine source separation offered benefits at the treatment plant in terms of reducing nitrogen influent load. The economic benefits in terms of reducing energy consumption for nitrification and decreasing methanol addition for denitrification were quantified, and results confirmed environmental advantages gained from different USS scenarios. Despite larger advantages gained from a global USS rate in an entire city, implementation of a specific USS in office buildings would remain more feasible from a logistical perspective. A significant benefit in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is demonstrated and this was especially due to the high level of N2O emissions avoided in nitrifying biological aerated filter.

Student providers aspiring to rural and underserved experiences at the University of Washington: promoting team practice among the health care professions.

In the United States there are shortages of health care providers for both rural and underserved populations. There are also shortages of interprofessional or team-based training programs. To address these problems, the University of Washington's Area Health Education Center program and School of Medicine offer a voluntary extracurricular program for students in the university's six health science schools. The Student Providers Aspiring to Rural and Underserved Experiences (SPARX) program is an interprofessional, student-operated, center/school-supported program consisting of a wide range of activities. SPARX supports students interested in practicing among rural and urban medically underserved patients and in interacting with their peers in other health professions schools. A brief history and description of the program are presented, along with results of a survey of students indicating that SPARX reinforces their interest in practice among the underserved and influences their understanding of other health professions. Data on residency choices of medical students who have participated in the SPARX program are presented, indicating that these students are more likely to select primary care residency programs than the average students in their classes.