Photobiomodulation Can Prevent Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Formation in Tooth Extraction Site of Rat Model.

Objective: This study aims to explore the preventive potential of photobiomodulation (PBM) in bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) using a rat model. Methods: An experimental rat model was established, exposing rats to zoledronic acid (ZA), a primary risk factor for BRONJ. An 810 nm diode laser was applied with parameters of 0.33 W/cm2 power density and 10 J/cm2 energy density for 30 sec. PBM was initiated 1 day pre-extraction and continued for 2 weeks. The impact of PBM on wound healing in both soft and hard tissues was evaluated post tooth extraction. Results: ZA exposure hindered wound healing in both soft and hard tissues after tooth extraction. PBM intervention effectively mitigated the adverse effects of ZA, promoting healing processes in both tissue types. This suggests the potential of PBM as a preventive strategy for BRONJ in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment. Moreover, PBM exhibited enhanced wound healing in normal rats, indicating its broader applicability beyond BRONJ cases. Conclusions: PBM shows promise in preventing and improving wound healing in BRONJ and normal cases. These findings underscore the significance of optimizing PBM parameters and suggest its potential clinical relevance as a preventive intervention for BRONJ and a promoter of wound healing.

Intramuscular cavernous malformation in the temporalis muscle: Diagnosis and treatment of a rare tumor in a rare site.

In this case report we present a very rare case of intramuscular cavernous hemangioma in the temporalis muscle which was successfully managed with surgical excision with no evidence of recurrence in follow-up.

Biocompatibility of an experimental endodontic sealer (Resil) in comparison with AH26 and AH-Plus in rats: An animal study.

Background. This experimental study sought to assess the biocompatibility of Resil, an experimental epoxy resin-based sealer, in comparison with AH26 and AH-Plus sealers in rats. Methods. Twelve male Wistar rats weighing 400 to 500 grams were evaluated in this experimental study. Four polyethylene tubes containing Resil, AH-Plus, AH26 sealers, and an empty tube were implanted subcutaneously in rats. The degree of inflammation, type of inflammatory cells present, foreign body reaction, quality of connective tissue, and presence of fibrotic capsule were evaluated histopathologically at 7 and 30 days after implanting the tubes to assess the biocompatibility of sealers. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results. At 7 days, the degree of inflammation in Resil group was almost similar to AH26 group, and 66.7% of rats showed moderate inflammation. AH-Plus group showed less inflammation than Resil and AH26 (50% of rats showed low degree of inflammation), At 30 days, the inflammatory status of all groups was the same, and 83.3% of rats showed very low degree of inflammation. The inflammatory response during the experiment decreased from day 7 to day 30 in all groups. The neutrophil count (P=0.00), fibrotic capsule (P=0.01) and the amount of granulation tissue (P=0.05) significantly decreased from day 7 to day 30 in Resil group. Conclusion. Resil sealer showed appropriate biocompatibility at 7 and 30 days after subcutaneous implantation in rats, comparable to AH26 and AH-Plus. Clinical studies are required to confirm these results.

The correlation between osseointegration and bonding strength at the bone-implant interface: In-vivo & ex-vivo investigations on hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite/titanium coatings.

This study investigated the effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) and hydroxyapatite/titanium (HA/Ti) coatings on osseointegration and bonding strength at the bone-implant interface. The coatings were made using air plasma spray (APS), and three study groups were examined: 1) Uncoated commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) rods; 2) HA-coated CP-Ti rods, and 3) Composite of 50 %wt HA + 50 %wt Ti coated CP-Ti rods. The rods were implanted into the distal femurs and proximal tibias of fifteen New Zealand white rabbits, and 8 weeks after the implantation, the samples were harvested. The results of pull-out tests showed that the ultimate strength of HA and HA/Ti coatings were significantly greater than the uncoated samples (P < 0.05). Moreover, even though the histological evaluations showed significantly greater osseointegration of HA/Ti composite coatings compared with HA coatings (P < 0.05), nonetheless, the composite of HA/Ti offers no significant increase in the ultimate strength, stiffness, and bonding strength at the bone-implant interface, compared with the HA group (P > 0.05). Thus, in an eight-week study, there was no linear correlation between the osseointegration and the bonding strength at the bone-implant interface. The results of this work may imply that the extent of osseointegration at the bone-implant interface does not necessarily determine the value of the bonding strength at the bone-implant interface. It is speculated that, in a longer-term study, a greater quality of bone formation may occur during osseointegration, between the implant and its adjacent bone, which can lead to a more enhanced bonding strength, compared with the 8-weeks post-surgery follow up.

Direct pulp capping with autologous bone marrow derived stem cells in dogs.

Bone-marrow derived stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into several mesenchymal cell lines that are suitable for bone and dental tissue engineering. This study was aimed to assess the efficacy of cell therapy in direct pulp capping (DPC) of canine teeth using autologous BMSCs along with collagen/hydroxyapatite hybrid scaffold in terms of the quantity and quality of calcified bridge formation. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups of DPC with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), hydroxyapatite/collagen hybrid scaffold alone and BMSCs with hydroxyapatite/collagen hybrid scaffold. DPC was performed under general anesthesia in cavities prepared on the buccal surfaces of mandibular and maxillary premolars of the same dogs from which, stem cells had been isolated. All cavities were then restored with light-cure resin modified glass ionomer cement. Histomorphometric assessments after 12 weeks showed formation of dentinal bridge following DPC with BMSCs and MTA. The efficacy of MTA for calcified bridge formation following DPC was significantly higher than that of BMSCs plus hybrid scaffold. According to the present study, we concluded DPC using BMSCs and hybrid scaffold did not provide clinically noticeable results in canine patients.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite with leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin for bone regeneration in sheep model.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/hydroxyapatite (MWCNT/HA) granules with or without leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on bone regeneration in cancellous bone of sheep model. METHODS: Totally, 32 cylindrical holes were drilled in female sheep (n = 4) in the distal epiphysis and proximal metaphysis of right and left humerus and femur. The defects were randomly filled with (1) MWCNT/HA, (2) MWCNT/HA mixed with L-PRF, (3) L-PRF, and (4) left empty as control. After 8 weeks, defects were evaluated and compared radiographically using multi-slice computed tomographic (CT) scan and cone beam CT scans, histologically and histomorphometrically. RESULTS: The results showed that there was no significant inflammation (> 10%) or foreign body reaction around the granules. The new lamellar bone was regenerated around the MWCNT/HA nanocomposite granules. Addition of L-PRF to MWCNT/HA demonstrated significantly improvement of new bone formation, about 27.40 ± 1.08%, in comparison with the L-PRF alone, about (12.16 ± 1.46%) (P < 0.01). Also, the rate of new bone formation was significantly greater with the use of MWCNT/HA granules (24.59 ± 1.54%) compared to the control (10.36 ± 1.17%) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Consequently, both biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of MWCNT/HA nanocomposite were demonstrated in the preclinical sheep model, and the use of L-PRF in combination with MWCNT/HA nanocomposite can improve bone regeneration.

Conservative Management of Periapical Cementoblastoma: A Case Report.

As a rare ectomesenchymal neoplasm, benign cementoblastoma comprises less than 6% of all odontogenic tumors. The typical treatment plan involves surgical excision and extraction of the affected tooth. Limited evidence, however, suggests the conservative management of this condition as the best treatment. This article discusses the case of a 32-year-old man who had benign cementoblastoma and underwent conservative treatment. The diagnosis was established based on clinical and radiological features analyses. Root canal therapy was performed on the tooth, followed by enucleation, curettage, apicoectomy, and guided bone regeneration (GBR) 30 days later. After a year of follow-up, there was no recurrence, and the tooth was in healthy conditions. These findings demonstrated that the tooth affected by cementoblastoma can be saved. It was treated conservatively to preserve the patient's oral health and masticatory function.

Histopathological Investigation of Dental Pulp Reactions Related to Periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: Since the 1960s, there has been contradictory evidence regarding the association between periodontal pathology and the status of the pulp. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histopathological changes of pulp tissue with severe periodontal disease, including vertical bone loss involving the major apical foramen, and compared them with the histological pulpal status of teeth with healthy periodontium. METHODS: This case-controlled study included 35 intact teeth with severe periodontitis of hopeless prognosis (test group) and 35 teeth without periodontitis extracted for orthodontic reasons (control group). For each tooth, periodontal and endodontic parameters such as probing depth and pulpal vitality were recorded, and the pulp tissue was evaluated histologically. The data were analysed with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Vital pulp was observed in all specimens of both groups (P=1). Pulpal inflammation in the apical portion was observed in 81.71% of the severe periodontitis group, whereas all teeth in the control group demonstrated no signs of pulpal inflammation. Dystrophic calcification and pulp stones were observed in 7.5% of the periodontitis group and 5.7% of the healthy group (P>0.05). Pulp fibrosis was observed in 22.8% of the periodontitis group and 2.8% of the control group (P=0.012). Pulpal necrosis was not noted in either group. In the periodontitis group, internal resorption was present in 22.8% of cases (P=0.005) and external resorption was present in 80% of cases (P<0.001). In the control group, no internal or external resorption was observed in any of the specimens. No differences were noted in the study patients with regard to sex or age. CONCLUSION: Periodontal disease does not significantly affect pulp vitality and pulpal calcifications. However internal and/or external resorption was significantly different between the two groups as well as apical inflammation and pulp fibrosis.

Clinical, Imaging and Histopathology of Angioleiomyoma of the Buccal Cheek.

Angioleiomyoma is a benign neoplasia originating from vascular smooth muscle and very uncommon in the oral cavity. In this report, we present a rare case of angioleiomyoma in oral cavity in a 46-year-old female buccal cheek and discuss the clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics. As the treatment of choice is the complete excision, the lesion was excised under local anesthesia with no further complications. In addition, a brief update on other reported cases of angiomyoma in the oral cavity is further discussed.

The impact of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on delayed tooth replantation: A preliminary animal study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) placed in delayed replantation of mature extracted teeth. Sixteen intentionally extracted teeth in two mature beagle dogs were selected. In one quadrant of each jaw, the extraction sockets were filled with PRF prior to replantation, and the other quadrant served as control without PRF. All extracted teeth underwent endodontic treatment and dried for 60 min. Thereafter, they were replanted with a flexible splint. After 8 weeks, the animals were euthanised, and the histological sections examined. Less inflammatory root resorption was noted in the PRF group compared to the control (P = 0.031). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to new bone formation, inflammatory status, connective tissue healing and replacement resorption (P > 0.05). Using PRF in the extracted socket before delayed replantation did not provide any significant benefit other than reduced inflammatory root resorption.

Extra Skeletal Ewing's Sarcoma: a Case Report.

Ewing's sarcoma is an uncommon malignancy primarily affecting bone tissue and usually occurs in adolescents and young adults. This paper reports a rare case of extra-skeletal Ewing's sarcoma of the oral cavity soft tissue. In the clinical examination, a mass of 1.5×1.5cm in diameter was observed in the right mandibular vestibule. Radiographic examination revealed no involvement of mandible. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of malignant small round cell tumor that exhibited immunoreactivity for CD99. Enucleation surgery under local anesthesia was performed for the patient and prognosis was excellent. The patient remained symptom-free after 13 months of follow-up.

Mechanical, material, and biological study of a PCL/bioactive glass bone scaffold: Importance of viscoelasticity.

Microsphere sintering method was used to fabricate bone tissue engineering scaffolds made of polycaprolactone (PCL)/bioactive glass 58S5Z (58S modified with 5 wt% Zinc). First, the effect of PCL/58S5Z ratio on the mechanical properties (elastic modulus and yield strength) was investigated. It was found that samples with 5 wt% 58S5Z (named 5%BG) had the highest elastic modulus and yield strength among all samples, i.e., with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% bioactive glass. Then, considering the importance of viscoelastic properties of bone, the viscoelastic behavior of 0%BG (scaffold with only PCL) and 5%BG samples was determined by performing compressive stress relaxation test and subsequently a Generalized Maxwell model was developed. Findings indicated a similar amount and pattern of predicted storage and loss moduli and loss factor of the composite scaffolds to those of the bone. In the next step, the analysis of biological behavior of the scaffolds using MTT assay, DAPI and Alizarin red staining demonstrated that 5%BG scaffolds had higher in vitro cell viability and bone formation compared to 0%BG ones. Furthermore, in vivo study employing H&E staining of the scaffolds implanted in rats' calvarium for 50 days, confirmed the earlier findings and showed that 5%BG-filled defects had higher and more uniform bone formation compared to both 0%BG-filled and empty defects.

The effects of bone implants' coating mechanical properties on osseointegration: In vivo, in vitro, and histological investigations.

The main goal of this work was to investigate the effects of implants coatings' mechanical properties and morphology on the osseointegration. In order to produce different mechanical properties of coatings, two thermal spray techniques, high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and air plasma spray (APS) were employed. Titanium pins were coated and implanted into the distal femurs and proximal tibias of fifteen New Zealand white rabbits, equally distributed in three study groups, and a total of 20 pins implanted in each group. Eight weeks after insertion, the rabbits were euthanized and the femur samples were taken out for biomechanical tests and tibia samples for histological evaluations of osseointegration. Scanning electron microscopy results showed enhanced density and a better morphology of HVOF coatings, compared to APS samples, and X-ray diffraction characterized an enhanced crystallinity of HVOF coatings. Nanoindentation tests revealed greater hardness and elastic modulus of HVOF coatings, whereas greater tensile residual stress and more pronounced creep was observed for APS coatings. Neither in biomechanical tests, nor in the histological analyses, a significant difference was observed between HVOF and APS coated samples (p > 0.05, and p > 0.05, respectively). The lack of significant difference between the HVOF and APS coated implants' osseointegration rejected our hypothesis to have a more enhanced osseointegration due to a better morphology, as well as stronger mechanical properties of HA coatings. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2679-2691, 2018.

GBR membrane of novel poly (butylene succinate-co-glycolate) co-polyester co-polymer for periodontal application.

In periodontics, osteoconductive biodegradable guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes with acceptable physico-mechanical properties are required to fix alveolar bone defects. The objectives of the present study were to produce and characterize a novel co-polyester-poly (butylene succinate-co-glycolate) (PBSGL), and fabricate a PBSGL membrane by electrospinning. We then aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of the glycolate ratio on the biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and evaluate in vivo bone regeneration using these membranes in rabbit calvarial defects by histology. Increasing the glycolate ratio of electrospun PBSGL membranes resulted in better cell attachment, greater cell metabolic activity, and enhanced osteogenic potential at both transcriptional and translational levels. Histologic and histomorphometric evaluations revealed further that bone defects covered with fibers of higher glycolate ratios showed more bone formation, with no adverse inflammatory response. These results suggest that novel PBSGL electrospun nanofibers show great promise as GBR membranes for bone regeneration.

Effect of Semelil, an Herbal Selenium-Based Medicine, on New Bone Formation in Calvarium of Rabbits.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to analyze the effect of Semelil, an herbal selenium-based medicine, on osteogenesis in rabbit calvarium defects. METHODS: Four identical bony defects (8 mm) were created in the calvarium of 16 New Zealand male rabbits and filled randomly with xenogenic bone substitute material (Bio-Oss®) and semelil herbal drug (ANGIPARS™). One site was filled with Bio-Oss (B); the second site was treated with ANGIPARS (A); the third site was treated with ANGIPARS + Bio-Oss (AB); and the fourth site was left as untreated control (C) and defects were left unfilled. Rabbits were randomly divided into two groups (n = 8) and sacrificed at four and eight weeks. Percentage of new bone formation, type of the newly formed bone, percentage of the remaining xenograft biomaterial, and foreign body reaction (FBR) were evaluated via histological and histomorphometric analyses. RESULTS: The percentage of new bone formation was significantly different among four groups. The highest effect was observed in AB, followed by A, B, and C groups, respectively. The difference in the mean percentage of new bone formation between four and eight weeks was significant for all four groups (P < 0.001). Regarding bone formation, the interaction effect of A and B was significant at four (P < 0.001) and eight weeks (P = 0.002). ANGIPARS alone and in presence of Bio-Oss enhanced new bone formation at both four and eight weeks (P < 0.001). The mean amount of new bone formation was significantly different at four and eight weeks in groups C (P = 0.008), A (P < 0.001), B (P < 0.001), and AB (P = 0.003). FBR was not observed in any group. CONCLUSION: Semelil may be useful as an adjunct to conventional osteoconductive materials in order to enhance osteogenesis.

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)/TiO2 nanotube bioactive composite as a novel scaffold for bone tissue engineering: In vitro and in vivo studies.

The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize novel three-dimensional porous scaffolds made of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)/TiO2 nanotube (TNT) composite microspheres for bone tissue engineering applications. The incorporation of TNT greatly increases mechanical properties of PLGA/TNT microsphere-sintered scaffold. The experimental results exhibit that the PLGA/0.5 wt% TNT scaffold sintered at 100 °C for 3 h showed the best mechanical properties and a proper pore structure for tissue engineering. Biodegradation test ascertained that the weight of both PLGA and PLGA/PLGA/0.5 wt% TiO2 nanotube composites slightly reduced during the first 4 weeks following immersion in SBF solution. Moreover, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP activity) results represent increased cell viability for PLGA/0.5%TNT composite scaffold in comparison to the control group. In vivo studies show the amount of bone formation for PLGA/TNT was approximately twice of pure PLGA. Vivid histologic images of the newly generated bone on the implants further supported our test results. Eventually, a mathematical model showed that both PLGA and PLGA/TNT scaffolds' mechanical properties follow an exponential trend with time as their degradation occurs. By a three-dimensional finite element model, a more monotonous distribution of stress was present in the scaffold due to the presence of TNT with a reduction in maximum stress on bone.

Diagnostic and prognostic relevance of salivary microRNA-21, -125a, -31 and -200a levels in patients with oral lichen planus - a short report.

BACKGROUND: Oral lichen planus (OLP), a relatively common chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa, is considered to be a premalignant disorder of the oral cavity. Previously, several biomarkers have been tested for their diagnostic potential. Here, we aimed to investigate the diagnostic potential of four miRNAs, miR-21, -125a, -31 and -200a, known to be involved in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development, in the saliva of OLP patients as also their putative relation to OSCC development in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva samples from 30 patients with OLP were collected, 15 of whom were diagnosed with dysplasia upon histopathologic examination. In addition, 15 saliva samples from patients with OSCC and 15 saliva samples from healthy donors were collected. After RNA extraction, the respective miRNA levels were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: We found that the miR-21 levels were significantly increased in saliva samples derived from patients with OLP, dysplastic OLP and OSCC, compared to those from healthy controls (p = 0.012, p = 0.0017 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Conversely, significant decreases in miR-125a levels were found in the OLP, dysplastic OLP and OSCC samples, compared to those from healthy controls (p < 0.0014, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, significant increases in miR-31 levels were found in samples derived from dysplastic OLP and OSCC patients, but not in those from nondysplastic OLP patients, compared to those in healthy controls (p = 0.01 and p = 0.004, respectively). Finally, we found that the miR-200a levels were significantly decreased only in samples derived from OSCC patients (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: From our data we conclude that increased miR-21 levels in conjunction with decreased miR-125a levels in saliva of OLP patients may be indicative for a poor prognosis. Conversely, we conclude that lack of significant alterations in miR-31 and miR-200a levels in saliva of OLP patients may be indicative for absence of malignant transformation.

In Vitro Comparison Of Fluoride Gel Alone and in Combination With Er,Cr:YSGG Laser on Reducing White Spot Lesions in Primary Teeth.

Introduction: Laser therapy has been suggested as a method for caries-prevention, and ErCr:YSGG laser is increasingly used in dentistry. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of fluoride gel alone and in conjunction with Er,Cr:YSGG laser for remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) in primary teeth. Methods: This study was conducted on 20 primary teeth with WSLs extracted for orthodontic reasons. Three sections were made of each tooth at the site of WSLs. The surface area of WSLs was measured under a stereomicroscope at ×25 magnification. Samples were assigned to 3 groups of control (group 1), exposure to 1.23% APF gel for 4 minutes (group 2) and Er,Cr:YSGG laser (0.5 W power, 20 Hz frequency, 60% water, 40% air, pulse duration of 5±1 seconds) plus fluoride (group 3). All samples were stored in artificial saliva for 10 days and then the surface area of the WSLs was measured again under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, MannWhitney and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results: The reduction in surface area of the WSLs was significantly different between the control and fluoride (P<0.001) and also the control and laser plus fluoride groups (P<0.001); the difference between fluoride and laser plus fluoride groups was not significant (P=0.265). Comparison of the surface area of WSLs before and after the intervention showed no significant difference in group one (P=0.737) while this difference in groups 2 (P<0.001) and 3 (P<0.001) was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results showed that Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation plus 1.23% APF gel was not significantly different from the application of fluoride gel alone in enhancing the remineralization of WSLs.

Evaluation of therapeutic laser influences on the healing of third-degree burns in rats according to different wavelengths.

INTRODUCTION: One of the most important innovative methods for tissue repair promotion is therapeutic lasers with photobiomodulution effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four different wavelengths of therapeutic laser (405, 532, 660 and 810 nm) on healing of third-degree burns from both clinical and pathological standpoints in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 male Wistar rats were used. Animals were anesthetized and dorsal hairs were shaved and third-degree skin burns were created by use of a 95°C copper stamp. Lesions were irradiated with 1.5 J/cm2 energy densities and 200 mW/cm2 power densities. RESULTS: Statistical analyses of the "wound contraction" changes between five groups during the study showed more reduction in wound size in all laser groups in comparison with the control group; but these differences were not statistically significant except between red and blue lasers on the last day of experiment. DISCUSSION: Results of our study showed that using therapeutic lasers with green, blue, red, and infrared wavelengths may accelerate healing process. This trend is more obvious in red and infrared groups especially after acute phase, however, this effect was neither statistically nor clinically significant.

The Effect of Root Coating with Titanium on Prevention of Root Resorption in Avulsed Teeth: An Animal Study.

INTRODUCTION: Tooth avulsion is a real dental emergency. If immediate replantation is not performed, the avulsed tooth may be lost due to inflammatory or replacement resorption. This animal study aimed to evaluate the bone response to the titanium coating of the root surface as an artificial barrier, and prevention of resorption of avulsed teeth. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This experimental study was conducted on four male dogs. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups for assessment at two and eight weeks. Four teeth were extracted in each animal. The root surfaces of the test group were coated with a titanium layer using the Electron Beam Deposition system. After 24 h, replantation of the teeth was performed. Two animals were sacrificed after two weeks and the remaining dogs were killed after eight weeks. The presence of inflammation, inflammatory resorption, replacement resorption, periodontal regeneration, periapical granuloma and ankylosis were evaluated through histological analyses. RESULTS: Inflammatory root resorption was not present in any tooth except one tooth in the coated group after eight weeks. Replacement resorption was noted just in three of the non-coated teeth after two weeks and two teeth after eight weeks. The McNemar's test revealed that the frequency of replacement resorption in the non-coated group was significantly higher than the coated group (P=0.031). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, it seems that coating the root surfaces of avulsed teeth with titanium may control the replacement root resorption.