ABSTRACT
Bradykinin (BK) plays an important role in the pathophysiological processes accompanying pain and inflammation. Selective bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists have been shown to be anti-nociceptive in animal models and could be novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of pain and inflammation. We have explored chemical modifications in a series of dihydroquinoxalinone sulfonamides to evaluate the effects of various structural changes on biological activity. The optimization of a screening lead compound, facilitated by a homology model of the BK B1 receptor, culminated in the discovery of a potent human BK B1 receptor antagonist. Results from site-directed mutagenesis studies and experiments in an animal pain model are presented.
Subject(s)
Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists , Quinoxalines/chemistry , Quinoxalines/pharmacology , Analgesics/chemistry , Analgesics/pharmacology , Animals , Binding Sites , Dogs , Humans , Kinetics , Models, Molecular , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Pain Measurement/drug effects , Rabbits , Rats , Receptor, Bradykinin B1 , Receptors, Bradykinin/chemistry , Receptors, Bradykinin/genetics , Receptors, Bradykinin/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Substance P receptor [neurokinin 1 (NK1] antagonists (SPAs) represent a novel mechanistic approach to antidepressant therapy with comparable clinical efficacy to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Because SSRIs are thought to exert their therapeutic effects by enhancing central serotonergic function, we have examined whether SPAs regulate neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), the main source of serotonergic projections to the forebrain. Using in vivo electrophysiological techniques in the guinea pig, we found that administration of the highly selective NK1 receptor antagonist 1-(5-[[(2R,3S)-2-([(1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl]oxy)-3-(4-phenyl)morpholin-4-yl]methyl]-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (L-760735) caused an increase in DRN neuronal firing rate. However, unlike chronic treatment with fluoxetine, there was no detectable 5-HT1A autoreceptor desensitization. In vitro electrophysiological investigation showed that these effects were not mediated by a direct action in the DRN, an observation supported by immunocytochemical analysis that identified the lateral habenula (LHb) as a more likely site of action. Subsequently, we found that local application of L-760735 into the LHb increased firing in the DRN, which, together with our data showing that L-760735 increased metabolic activity in the cingulate cortex, amygdala, LHb, and DRN, indicates that the effects of L-760735 may be mediated by disinhibition of forebrain structures acting via a habenulo raphe projection. These findings support other evidence for an antidepressant profile of SPAs and suggest that regulation of DRN neuronal activity may contribute to their antidepressant mechanism of action but in a manner that is distinct from monoamine reuptake inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Morpholines/pharmacology , Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists , Neurons/drug effects , Raphe Nuclei/drug effects , Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism , 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin/pharmacology , Animals , Autoradiography , Deoxyglucose/metabolism , Deoxyglucose/pharmacokinetics , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electrophysiology , Guinea Pigs , Habenula/drug effects , Habenula/physiology , Immunohistochemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Iontophoresis , Male , Nerve Net/drug effects , Nerve Net/physiology , Neural Inhibition/drug effects , Neural Inhibition/physiology , Neurons/metabolism , Prosencephalon/drug effects , Prosencephalon/metabolism , Radioligand Assay , Raphe Nuclei/cytology , Raphe Nuclei/metabolism , Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects , Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacologyABSTRACT
There are two bradykinin receptor subtypes, designated B1 and B2. Whilst both have been implicated in nociception, it is believed that there is a low level of constitutive expression of B1 receptors and that their expression is induced by inflammation or tissue damage. The present study investigated the role of B1 receptors in spinal nociceptive processing using an in vivo electrophysiological assay in decerebrate, spinalized rabbits, a species that shares close B1 receptor homology with the human receptor. Inflammation was induced in the paw by an injection of complete Freund's adjuvant at least 1 h before recording single motor unit activity of the semitendinous/biceps femoris muscle in response to a noxious pinch of the foot. Control animals received an intraplantar injection of saline. The peptide B1 receptor antagonist B9858 was administered i.v. and caused dose-dependent and complete inhibition of the nociceptive spinal reflex (ID50 = 1 mg x kg(-1)). In control animals without paw inflammation, B9858 had no effect. These findings are consistent with other evidence that peptide B1 receptor antagonists inhibit spinal nociceptive reflexes only after induction of B1 receptors by inflammation and support the potential therapeutic utility of B1 receptor antagonists as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.
