ABSTRACT
Ectoparasitism in animals has become an issue of great concern that needs to be resolved to prevent huge economic losses occurring to livestock industry all over the world. Synthetic adrugs have been playing a major role in controlling ectoparasites, but their frequent and irrational use has resulted in drug resistance to routinely used chemicals and their residual effects on food and environment. Therefore, this approach of using chemical acaricides and insecticides is losing its popularity and effectiveness in controlling ectoparasites. So, the development of alternative approaches in ectoparasite management is currently required. Among alternative protocols, plants and their essential oils have played remarkable role in controlling different ectoparasites (ticks, flies, mites, lice) of veterinary importance. Essential oils have been proved to be cheaper, more effective and safer therapeautic agents against different ectoparasites of livestock importance.
En los animales el ectoparasitismo se ha convertido en un tema de gran preocupacioÌn que debe resolverse para evitar que se produzcan grandes peÌrdidas econoÌmicas para la industria ganadera en todo el mundo. Los aditivos sinteÌticos han desempenÌado un papel importante en el control de los ectoparaÌsitos, pero su uso frecuente e irracional ha dado como resultado la resistencia a los faÌrmacos utilizados habitualmente y efectos residuales sobre los alimentos y el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, el enfoque basado en el uso de acaricidas e insecticidas quiÌmicos estaÌ perdiendo popularidad y efectividad en el control de los ectoparaÌsitos. Por lo tanto, actualmente se requiere el desarrollo de enfoques alternativos en el manejo de ectoparaÌsitos. Entre los protocolos alternativos, las plantas y sus aceites esenciales han jugado un papel notable en el control de diferentes ectoparaÌsitos (garrapatas, moscas, aÌcaros, piojos) de importancia veterinaria. Se ha demostrado que los aceites esenciales son agentes terapeÌuticos maÌs baratos, maÌs efectivos y maÌs seguros contra diferentes ectoparaÌsitos de importancia ganadera.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Acaricides/pharmacology , Insecticides/pharmacology , Insecta/drug effects , Veterinary Medicine , Mites/drug effectsABSTRACT
This paper presents the first report of multiple anthelmintic resistance in the gastrointestinal nematodes of goats and its possible contributory factors in an irrigated area (Pakistan). A total of 18 privately owned Beetal goat flocks were selected in order to determine the anthelmintic resistance against commonly used anthelmintics. Forty to 48 animals from each flock were selected according to their weight and egg count. The three anthelmintics viz., oxfendazole, levamisole and ivermectin, were given to three groups at manufacturer's recommended dose while one group was kept as untreated control. Anthelmintic resistance was determined through faecal egg count reduction and egg hatch tests while assessment of the contributory factors of anthelmintic resistance was measured through the rural participatory approach. Faecal egg count reduction test revealed high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (83.3%) and it was either single (levamisole) or multiple (oxfendazole and levamisole). Egg hatch test confirmed the resistance against oxfendazole as detected with faecal egg count reduction test. None of the goat flocks was resistant to ivermectin. Copro-cultures revealed that Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta were the most common species exhibiting resistance to levamisole and oxfendazole. Step-wise logistic regression of the data on worm control practices revealed significant role of under-dosing, low-protein diets, healthcare supervision by the traditional healers and mass treatments.
