Visceral adipose tissue: the link with esophageal adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: There is strong evidence for an association between obesity and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). This study investigated the association between directly measured visceral adipose tissue and the risk of EAC. METHODS: In a case-control setting, we measured visceral adipose tissue in patients with EAC and healthy controls. Visceral adipose tissue was determined by abdominal CT. Exclusion criteria were uninterpretable CT scans and severe comorbidity. Controls were healthy volunteers undergoing screening CT colonography. Cross-sectional areas of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were measured in cm(2) at L3/L4. Values of adipose tissue of EAC patients were extrapolated to stage 0 and compared to controls. The association between visceral adipose tissue and EAC was calculated with least-squares regression, adjusted for age, sex and TNM stage. RESULTS: We included 175 EAC patients and 251 controls. While body mass index was similar in EAC patients (26.1 kg/m(2)) and controls (26.2 kg/m(2)), visceral adipose tissue was significantly higher in EAC patients at stage 0 than in controls (276 vs. 231 cm(2); p = 0.015). Regarding subcutaneous adipose tissue, there was no difference. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with EAC have significantly higher visceral adipose tissue than healthy controls. Visceral adipose tissue is a risk factor in the development of EAC and seems to be more important than obesity alone.

Comparing quality, safety, and costs of colonoscopies performed by nurse vs physician trainees.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We evaluated the quality and safety of colonoscopies performed by nurse and physician endoscopy trainees as well as the cost differences. METHODS: We performed a study of 7 nurse and 8 physician (gastroenterology fellows) endoscopy trainees at 2 medical centers in the Netherlands from September 2008 through April 2012. At the beginning of the study, the subjects had no experience in endoscopy; they were trained in gastrointestinal endoscopy according to the regulations of the Dutch Society of Gastroenterology, performing a minimum of 100 colonoscopies. Each trainee then performed 135 consecutive colonoscopies (866 total by nurse trainees and 1080 by physician trainees) under supervision of a gastroenterologist; the colonoscopies were evaluated for quality and safety. We performed statistical analyses of data, assessing multilevel and cost minimization. The mean age of the patients was 57 years, and about half were women in each group. RESULTS: The endoscopic quality and safety were comparable between nurse and physician trainees. Overall rates of cecal intubation were 95% for nurses and 93% for physicians (P = .38), including procedures that required assistance from a supervisor; mean withdrawal times were 10.4 and 9.8 minutes, respectively (P = .44). Each group detected 27% of adenomas and had a 0.5% rate of complication. In both groups, the rates of unassisted cecal intubation gradually increased with the number of colonoscopies performed, from 70% for nurses and 74% for physicians at the beginning to 89% and 86%, respectively, at the end of the assessment period. Using a strategy in which 1 gastroenterologist supervises 3 nurses, the personnel costs decreased from $64.65 to $54.58. CONCLUSIONS: In a supervised setting, nurse endoscopists perform colonoscopies according to quality and safety standards that are comparable with those of physician endoscopist and can substantially reduce costs.