ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic liver disease affects 855 people per million in the UK. Previous studies have reported that coffee appears protective against the development of abnormal liver enzymes, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. The aim of this study, the first in a Scottish population, was to compare coffee consumption in patients with liver disease and that of control populations to determine correlations between coffee intake and the incidence of non-cancerous liver disease and with Child's-Pugh and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-six patients attending the liver outpatient department at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh completed a questionnaire regarding coffee consumption and lifestyle factors. Control questionnaires were also completed by 100 orthopaedic outpatients and 120 medical students. Patients with cirrhosis (n = 95) drank significantly less coffee than those without cirrhosis (p = <0.001). There was no correlation between Child's-Pugh (-0.018) and MELD scores (-0.132) with coffee consumption. CONCLUSION: Coffee drinking is associated with a reduced prevalence of cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease. However, there was no significant difference in the amount of coffee drunk by liver patients and the control groups. It is possible that by changing the amount of coffee drunk, the development of cirrhosis in liver disease could be postponed.
Subject(s)
Caffeine/pharmacology , Coffee , Diterpenes/pharmacology , End Stage Liver Disease/prevention & control , Liver Cirrhosis/prevention & control , Protective Agents/pharmacology , Caffeine/administration & dosage , Case-Control Studies , Diterpenes/administration & dosage , End Stage Liver Disease/epidemiology , End Stage Liver Disease/pathology , Female , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Protective Agents/administration & dosage , Reproducibility of Results , Scotland/epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease affects 10-35% of the adult population worldwide; there is no consensus on its treatment. Omega-3 fatty acids have proven benefits for hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease, and have recently been suggested as a treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. AIMS: To review the evidence base for omega-3 fatty acids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and critically appraise the literature relating to human trials. METHODS: A Medline and PubMed search was performed to identify relevant literature using search terms 'omega-3', 'N-3 PUFA', 'eicosapentaenoic acid', 'docosahexaenoic acid', 'non-alcoholic fatty liver disease' and 'NAFLD'. RESULTS: Omega-3 fatty acids are important regulators of hepatic gene transcription. Animal studies demonstrate that they reduce hepatic steatosis, improve insulin sensitivity and reduce markers of inflammation. Clinical trials in human subjects generally confirm these findings, but have significant design inadequacies. CONCLUSIONS: Omega-3 fatty acids are a promising treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease which require to be tested in randomized placebo-controlled trials.
