Temporal dynamics of gait function in acute cervical spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Following spinal cord injury (SCI), gait function reaches a post-recovery plateau that depends on the paralysis severity. However, the plateau dynamics during the recovery period are not known. This study aimed to examine the gait function temporal dynamics after traumatic cervical SCI (CSCI) based on paralysis severity. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 122 patients with traumatic CSCI admitted to a single specialized facility within 2 weeks after injury. The Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) was estimated at 2 weeks and 2, 4, 6, and 8 months postinjury for each American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade, as determined 2 weeks postinjury. Statistical analysis was performed at 2 weeks to 2 months, 2-4 months, 4-6 months, and 6-8 months, and the time at which no significant difference was observed was considered the time at which the gait function reached a plateau. RESULTS: In the AIS grade A and B groups, no significant differences were observed at any time point, while in the AIS grade C group, the mean WISCI II values continued to significantly increase up to 6 months. In the AIS grade D group, the improvement in gait function was significant during the entire observation period. CONCLUSIONS: The plateau in gait function recovery was reached at 2 weeks postinjury in the AIS grade A and B groups and at 6 months in the AIS grade C group.

Effect of nutritional status on occurrence of pneumonia after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury.

Pneumonia after cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) is a common and serious complication; however, its nutrition-related etiology has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of nutritional factors on pneumonia after CSCI. Patients with acute traumatic CSCI who were admitted within 3 days after injury and followed up for at least 3 months were retrospectively examined. Occurrence of pneumonia, nutritional status, severity of dysphagia, vital capacity, use of respirators, and motor scores for paralysis were evaluated. Of 182 patients included in this study, 33 (18%) developed pneumonia. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that low nutritional status, severe paralysis, and low vital capacity were significant risk factors for pneumonia. The severity of paralysis, respiratory dysfunction, and poor nutritional status can affect the occurrence of pneumonia after CSCI. In addition to respiratory management, nutritional assessment and intervention may play key roles in preventing pneumonia associated with spinal cord injury-induced immune depression. Nutritional care should be provided as soon as possible when the nutritional status of a patient worsens after an injury.

Changing trends in traumatic spinal cord injury in an aging society: Epidemiology of 1152 cases over 15 years from a single center in Japan.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) causes an insult to the central nervous system, often resulting in devastating temporary or permanent neurological impairment and disability, which places a substantial financial burden on the health-care system. This study aimed to clarify the up-to-date epidemiology and demographics of patients with TSCI treated at the largest SCI center in Japan. Data on all patients admitted to the Spinal Injuries Center with TSCI between May 2005 and December 2021 were prospectively collected using a customized, locally designed SCI database named the Japan Single Center Study for Spinal Cord Injury Database (JSSCI-DB). A total of 1152 patients were identified from the database. The study period was divided into the four- or five-year periods of 2005-2009, 2010-2013, 2014-2017, and 2018-2021 to facilitate the observation of general trends over time. Our results revealed a statistically significant increasing trend in age at injury. Since 2014, the average age of injury has increased to exceed 60 years. The most frequent spinal level affected by the injury was high cervical (C1-C4: 45.8%), followed by low cervical (C5-C8: 26.4%). Incomplete tetraplegia was the most common cause or etiology category of TSCI, accounting for 48.4% of cases. As the number of injuries among the elderly has increased, the injury mechanisms have shifted from high-fall trauma and traffic accidents to falls on level surfaces and downstairs. Incomplete tetraplegia in the elderly due to upper cervical TSCI has also increased over time. The percentage of injured patients with an etiology linked to alcohol use ranged from 13.2% (2005-2008) to 19% (2014-2017). Given that Japan has one of the highest aging populations in the world, epidemiological studies in this country will be very helpful in determining health insurance and medical costs and deciding strategies for the prevention and treatment of TSCI in future aging populations worldwide.

Halo vest fixation effectively maintains cervical alignment through intraoperative repositioning in patients with cervical spine instability.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to examine if halo vest fixation provides sufficient stabilization of cervical spine alignment to endorse its use through intraoperative positional changes in patients with cervical spine instability. Methods: The subjects of this study were 14 patients with cervical spine instability who were immobilized in halo vests until they underwent subsequent internal fixation surgery. After induction of anesthesia, the patients in halo vests were repositioned from the supine position to the prone position. The halo ring was fixed to the surgical table and the dorsal struts and vest were removed for surgery. Radiographs obtained in the preoperative sitting position and intraoperative prone position were compared for the following measures of cervical alignment: O-C2 angle, C2-C6 angle, pharyngeal inlet angle (PIA), atlantodental interval (ADI), Redlund-Johnell (R-J) value as a measure of O-C2 length, O-C6 length, and O-C2 length/O-C6 length (%). Results: There were no significant differences in O-C2 angle, C2-C6 angle, PIA, ADI, or O-C2 length/O-C6 length (%). However, the R-J value and O-C6 length were significantly higher in the intraoperative prone position than in the preoperative sitting position. None of the patients presented with any complications, including dysphagia or neurological deterioration. Conclusions: Our results suggest that when patients are repositioned to the prone position while immobilized in halo vests, the cervical spine is distracted in the cephalocaudal direction across all cervical segments but the cervical alignment is sufficiently maintained. Halo vests are a highly effective external fixation method for patients with cervical spine instability, allowing for a safe repositioning to the prone position for surgery while preserving cervical alignment and preventing neurological deterioration.

Erratum for Factors Affecting Home Discharge of Older Adults with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Japan Regional Population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.2023-0045.].

Verification of the Accuracy of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Prognosis Prediction Using Clinical Data-Based Artificial Neural Networks.

BACKGROUND: In patients with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), we need to make accurate prognostic predictions in the acute phase for more effective rehabilitation. We hypothesized that a multivariate prognosis would be useful for patients with cervical SCI. METHODS: We made two predictive models using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). We adopted MLR as a conventional predictive model. Both models were created using the same 20 clinical parameters of the acute phase data at the time of admission. The prediction results were classified by the ASIA Impairment Scale. The training data consisted of 60 cases, and prognosis prediction was performed for 20 future cases (test cohort). All patients were treated in the Spinal Injuries Center (SIC) in Fukuoka, Japan. RESULTS: A total of 16 out of 20 cases were predictable. The correct answer rate of MLR was 31.3%, while the rate of ANNs was 75.0% (number of correct answers: 12). CONCLUSION: We were able to predict the prognosis of patients with cervical SCI from acute clinical data using ANNs. Performing effective rehabilitation based on this prediction will improve the patient's quality of life after discharge. Although there is room for improvement, ANNs are useful as a prognostic tool for patients with cervical SCI.

Factors Affecting Home Discharge of Older Adults with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Japan Regional Population.

Introduction: Older adults with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) often have a poor prognosis due to the high number of complications, decreased motivation to rehabilitation, and poor response to treatment. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of CSCI in Japanese older adults and examined the factors influencing their discharge home. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data on consecutive cases with CSCI between 2005 and 2020 from the study hospital's database. Patients over 65 years old who were admitted to the hospital within 14 days of injury were selected. A univariate analysis was performed between the home discharge and out-of-home discharge groups. In addition, binary logistic regression analysis of admission findings and patient background was performed to examine independent factors influencing home discharge. Results: Of the 219 patients included, 90 (41.1%) were eventually discharged to home. Comparing home discharge and out-of-home discharge groups revealed significant differences in age at injury, length of hospital stay, neurological level of injury (NLI), percentage of American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS: A), percentage of living alone, ASIA motor score (AMS), and Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) at initial visit and discharge. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that old age (over 75 years old) at injury (odds ratio [OR]: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.60, P<.001), living alone (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.03-0.42, P<.01), high level of injury (i.e., NLI: C1-4; OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.09-0.53, P<.0001), and percentage of AIS: A at admission (OR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.04-0.24, P<.001) were independent factors that influenced home discharge. Conclusions: More than 50% older adults with CSCI were discharged to a place other than their own home. Age, percentage of AIS: A, living alone, and high level of injury at admission were independent factors that influenced home discharge.

Intraoperative Radiation Exposure from O-arm-based 3D Navigation in Spine Surgery.

Introduction: Intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) imaging guide technology, such as the O-arm surgical imaging system, is a beneficial tool in spinal surgery that provides real-time 3D images of a patient's spine. This study aims to determine the exposure dose from intraoperative O-arm imaging. Methods: A consecutive retrospective review of all patients undergoing spinal surgery was conducted between June 2019 and August 2022. Demographic and operative data were collected from electronic medical records. Results: Intraoperative O-arm imaging was conducted in 206 (12.9%) of 1599 patients, ranging from one to 4 scans per patient (1.17±0.43 scans). Single O-arm imaging enabled navigation of seven vertebrae in the cervical spine, seven in the thoracic spine, five in the thoracolumbar spine, and four in the lumbar spine on average. The number of O-arm shots per surgery was 1.15±0.36, 1.06±0.24, 1.61±0.7, and 1.07±0.25 for cervical, thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar spinal cases, respectively. The exposure doses represented by dose length products in single O-arm imaging were 377±19 mGy-cm, 243±22 mGy-cm, 378±38 mGy-cm, and 258±11 mGy-cm for cervical, thoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar spine cases, respectively. We observed a weak positive correlation between the number of fused spinal levels and the exposure dose. Conclusions: Intraoperative radiation exposure from O-arm imaging was lower than the national diagnostic reference levels in Japan established based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection publication, demonstrating its safety from the standpoint of radiological protection in most cases. In surgeries with a large range of fixations, such as corrective deformity surgery, the number of imaging sessions and the amount of intraoperative radiation exposure would increase, leading surgeons to pay attention to the risk of radiation in spinal surgery.

Predicting the Progression of Spasticity in the Early Phase of Spinal Cord Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Spasticity-defined as involuntary movements caused by insult to upper motor neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI)-interferes with patients' activities of daily living. Spasticity is generally identified and managed in the chronic phase of SCI, but few reports have examined the onset of spasticity after injury. The purpose of this study is to elucidate serial changes in spasticity after SCI and clarify the timing of severe spasticity. We prospectively examined individuals with acute traumatic SCI admitted within two weeks after injury. Severity of spasticity was evaluated using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks, followed by 3, 4, 5, and 6 months after injury. After completing evaluation of the cohort, the patients were divided into two groups: a spasticity group with MAS scores ≥3 (marked increase in muscle tone through most of the range of motion (ROM)) in at least one joint movement within 6 months of injury and a control group with MAS scores ≤2 in all joint movements throughout the 6 months after injury. Neurological findings such as the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale grades and ASIA motor scores were also assessed at all time points, and the correlations between the onset of spasticity, severity of spasticity, and neurological findings were analyzed. There were 175 patients with traumatic SCI who were assessed consecutively for 6 months after injury. The MAS scores of the group significantly increased over time until 4 months after injury. The spasticity group had significantly higher MAS scores compared with the control group as early as 2 weeks post-injury. We found that the patients with earlier onset of spasticity had higher final MAS scores. No correlation was found between the ASIA Impairment Scale grade and the onset of spasticity. Our results reveal that the development of severe spasticity may be predictable from as early as 2 weeks after SCI, suggesting that early therapeutic intervention to mitigate problematic spasticity may enhance the benefits of post-injury rehabilitation.

Correlation between Respiratory Dysfunction and Dysphagia in Individuals with Acute Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.

Introduction: Aspiration pneumonia is one of the most frequent and fatal life-threatening complications among individuals with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). However, the mechanism of dysphagia among individuals with CSCI is not well understood. Morbidity and mortality associated with CSCI may result from the interplay between respiratory dysfunction and dysphagia. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of respiratory dysfunction on the swallowing function of individuals with acute traumatic CSCI. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 54 individuals with acute traumatic CSCI who were admitted within 2 weeks following injury. Dysphagia was evaluated using the Dysphagia Severity Scale (DSS) and the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). Respiratory function was evaluated by measuring the cough peak flow (CPF), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), FEV1.0/forced vital capacity (FEV1.0%), and percent vital capacity (%VC). We recorded these parameters at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 following injury and analyzed pertinent changes over time and significant correlations. Results: Among 54 individuals (46 men and 8 women) recruited in this study, 48 (88.9%) had restrictive ventilatory impairment and 17 (31.5%) had severe dysphagia (DSS level 1-4) 2 weeks following injury. However, respiratory function and swallowing function significantly improved thereafter. CPF, FEV1.0, and %VC were significantly correlated with the severity of dysphagia during each period. Conclusions: Restrictive ventilatory impairment, poor cough force, and dysphagia are closely related, and the evaluation of respiratory function plays an important role in evaluating dysphagia.

Time Course and Characteristics of the Nutritional Conditions in Acute Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.

Introduction: This retrospective cohort study aimed to examine the nutritional time course and elucidate the critical period of undernutrition following acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). Methods: The study was performed at a single facility that treated spinal cord injuries. We examined individuals with acute traumatic CSCI admitted to our hospital within 3 days of injury. Both prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) scores, which objectively reflect nutritional and immunological conditions, were assessed at admission and 1, 2, and 3 months after the injury. The American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) categorizations and severity of dysphagia were evaluated at these time points. Results: A total of 106 patients with CSCI were evaluated consecutively for 3 months after injury. Individuals with AIS categorizations of A, B, or C at 3 days after injury were significantly more undernourished than those with an AIS categorization of D at 3 months after injury, indicating that individuals with mild paresis better maintained their nutritional condition after injury. Nutritional conditions, as assessed by both PNI and CONUT scores, improved significantly between 1 and 2 months after injury, whereas no significant differences were found between admission and 1 month after injury. Nutritional status and dysphagia were significantly correlated at each time point (p<0.001), indicating that swallowing dysfunction is an important factor associated with malnutrition. Conclusions: Nutritional conditions showed significant gradual improvements from 1 month after the injury. We must pay attention to undernutrition, which is associated with dysphagia, especially in individuals with severe paralysis during the acute phase following injury.

Significance of the neurological level of injury as a prognostic predictor for motor complete cervical spinal cord injury patients.

Objective: To investigate the usefulness of the combination of neurological findings and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a prognostic predictor in patients with motor complete cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) in the acute phase.Design: A cross-sectional analysisSetting: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spinal Injuries CenterParticipants/Methods: Forty-two patients with an initial diagnosis of motor complete CSCI (AIS A, n = 29; AIS B, n = 13) within 72 h after injury were classified into the recovery group (Group R) and the non-recovery group (Group N), based on the presence or absence of motor recovery (conversion from AIS A/B to C/D) at three months after injury, respectively. The Neurological Level of Injury (NLI) at the initial diagnosis was investigated and the presumptive primary injured segment of the spinal cord was inferred from MRI performed at the initial diagnosis. We investigated whether or not the difference between the presumptive primary injured segment and the NLI exceeded one segment. The presence of a difference between the presumptive primary injured segment and the NLI was compared between Groups R and N.Results: The number of cases with the differences between the presumptive primary injured segment and the NLI was significantly higher in Group N than in Group R.Conclusion: The presence of differences between the presumptive primary injured segment and the NLI might be a poor improving prognostic predictor for motor complete CSCI. The NLI may be useful for predicting the recovery potential of patients with motor complete CSCI when combined with the MRI findings.

Incidence and risk factors of pneumonia following acute traumatic cervical spinal cord Injury.

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the incidence and risk factors for pneumonia after acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.Setting: Spinal injuries center in Japan.Participants: Of 184 individuals who were admitted within 2 weeks after acute traumatic cervical spinal injuries, 167 individuals who met the criteria were included in this study.Interventions: The occurrence of pneumonia, degree of dysphagia using the Dysphagia Severity Scale, patient age, history of smoking, presence of tracheostomy, vital capacity, level of injury, and the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) 2 weeks after injury were assessed.Outcomes: Incidence of pneumonia were analyzed. Moreover, the risk factors of pneumonia were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: From the 167 individuals who met the criteria, 30 individuals (18%) had pneumonia; in 26 (87%) of these individuals, pneumonia was aspiration related, defined as Dysphagia Severity Scale ≤ 4. The median occurrence of aspiration pneumonia was 11.5 days after injury. A logistic regression analysis revealed that severe AIS and severe Dysphagia Severity Scale scores were significant risk factors of pneumonia after CSCI. CONCLUSIONS: It was highly likely that the pneumonias following CSCI were related to aspiration based on the Dysphagia Severity Scale. In addition, most of the patients developed aspiration pneumonia within 1 month after injury. Aspiration and severe paralysis were significant risk factors for pneumonia. The treatment of dysphagia in the acute phase should be considered an important indicator to prevent pneumonia.

Diaphragm pacing implantation in Japan for a patient with cervical spinal cord injury: A case report.

RATIONALE: Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition leading to respiratory failure that requires permanent mechanical ventilation, which is the main driver of increased medical costs. There is a great demand for establishing therapeutic interventions to treat respiratory dysfunction following severe cervical SCI. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS: We present a 24-year-old man who sustained a cervical displaced C2-C3 fracture with SCI due to a traffic accident. As the patient presented with tetraplegia and difficulty in spontaneous breathing following injury, he was immediately intubated and placed on a ventilator with cervical external fixation by halo orthosis. The patient then underwent open reduction and posterior fusion of the cervical spine 3 weeks after injury. Although the patient showed significant motor recovery of the upper and lower limbs over time, only a slight improvement in lung capacity was observed. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES: At 1.5 years after injury, a diaphragmatic pacing stimulator was surgically implanted to support the patient's respiratory function. The mechanical ventilator support was successfully withdrawn from the patient 14 weeks after implantation. We observed that both the vital capacity and tidal volume of the patient were significantly promoted following implantation. The patient finally returned to daily life without any mechanical support. LESSONS: The findings of this report suggest that diaphragmatic pacing implantation could be a promising treatment for improving respiratory function after severe cervical SCI. To our knowledge, this is the first SCI patient treated with a diaphragm pacing implantation covered by official medical insurance in Japan.

Mechanism of Dysphagia after Acute Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.

Swallowing dysfunction, which may cause aspiration pneumonia, is one of the most important complications of treatment of traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI); however, the mechanism of dysphagia is not well understood. No previous studies have reported the association between morphological changes of the soft tissue and dysphagia. We aimed to determine the factors associated with severity of dysphagia after CSCI and elucidate its mechanism. We conducted a prospective analysis of patients with acute traumatic CSCI who were admitted within 2 weeks of the injury. Dysphagia was evaluated using the Dysphagia Severity Scale (DSS) 2 weeks after the injury. The widths of the retropharyngeal and retrotracheal spaces were measured to assess soft tissue damage owing to the injury using sagittal images of computed tomography. We also assessed age, surgery of the injured cervical spine, presence of tracheostomy, osteophyte behind the pharynx, level of injury, and motor score 2 weeks after the injury. A total of 136 persons met our criteria. Given that 44 persons were categorized under grades <5 of the DSS, which were defined as different types of aspirations, the incidence of aspiration was 32%. The multiple regression analysis revealed that age, motor score, tracheostomy, and retropharyngeal space were significantly associated with DSS. Severe paresis, tracheostomy, old age, and swelling of the retropharyngeal space were significantly affected by dysphagia after CSCI. Morphological changes in the pharynx, situated right behind the larynx, after the injury affects the mechanism of dysphagia.

The time course of dysphagia following traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: a prospective cohort study.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate serial changes in dysphagia and elucidate the critical period for dysphagia following acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI). SETTING: Spinal Injuries Center, Fukuoka, Japan. METHODS: We prospectively examined individuals with acute traumatic CSCI admitted within 2 weeks after injury. Severity of dysphagia was evaluated using both the dysphagia severity scale (DSS) and functional oral intake scale (FOIS) at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months after injury. Condition of oral intake before injury was assessed by history taking. American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale grade and motor scores were also assessed at the same timepoints, and the correlation between dysphagia and paresis was analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty-five individuals with CSCI were assessed consecutively for 3 months after injury. Swallowing function, evaluated using both the DSS and FOIS, was significantly decreased at 2 weeks after injury, but significantly improved thereafter. Significant correlations between severity of dysphagia (DSS and FOIS scores) and motor scores were found at 2 weeks after injury (rs = 0.66 and 0.61; p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), indicating that individuals with lower motor scores had more severe swallowing dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Dysphagia occurred immediately after injury, but gradually improved over time. Individuals with more severe paralysis had significantly more severe dysphagia. Special attention for dysphagia should be paid to individuals with severe paralysis in acute phase.

How much time is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of permanent complete cervical spinal cord injury?

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart audits. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the optimal timing at which permanent complete cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) can be confirmed when evaluating paralysis caused by traumatic CSCI. SETTING: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spinal Injuries Center, Japan. METHODS: Two-hundred and three patients with CSCI that was classified with an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) grade A (AIS A) within 72 h of the initial diagnosis of traumatic CSCI were included in the present study. Neurological data from the time of the initial diagnosis to 1 year after the injury were extracted. The number of those with recovery from AIS A and changes of AIS in the recovery were examined. RESULTS: Thirty-five of 203 (17%) patients whose injuries were initially classified with an AIS A showed recovery from AIS A. Thirty-four of 35 (97%) patients showed recovery from AIS A within 8 weeks after injury. CONCLUSION: If CSCI patients with AIS A have not recovered by 8 weeks, the likelihood that they will recover from AIS A is marginal. However, this conversely means that we must consider the possibility that a patient with a traumatic CSCI classified with an AIS A may still show recovery from AIS A within the first 8 weeks after injury.

Progression of local kyphosis after conservative treatment for compressive cervical spine fracture with spinal cord injury.

INTRODUCTION: Compressive-flexion type cervical spine fracture is typically accompanied by apparent dislocation of the facet joints, undesirable cervical alignment, and devastating neurological dysfunction, which provides strong rationale for rendering prompt operative treatment. However, the validity of conservative treatment for compressive-flexion cervical spine injury in cases with preserved congruity of the facet joints has yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term outcome of cervical alignment following conservative treatment for compressive-flexion cervical spine injury with preserved congruity of the facet joints. METHODS: A total of 662 patients who experienced spinal cord injury from 2007 to 2017 were included and underwent retrospective review in a single institute. Thirteen patients were identified as receiving conservative therapy following compressive-flexion cervical spine fractures with spinal cord injury. Clinical and radiological results were collected, including vertical fractures of the vertebral column, laminar fractures, progression of local kyphosis, and neurological status. The degree of the local cervical kyphosis was evaluated with two methods: the posterior tangent method and the endplate method. RESULTS: All 13 patients were male, and the mean age at the time of injury was 28.4 years. The mean follow-up period was 3 years. Although none of the patients presented neurological deterioration after the injury, the degree of local kyphosis was increased at the time of final follow-up compared to what was observed at the time of injury. Patient age at the time of injury and concurrent vertical fracture of vertebral body could have been influencing factors for the progression of the kyphosis. While laminar fracture affected the kyphosis at the time of injury, it was not a strong influencing factor of the overall progression of local kyphosis. CONCLUSIONS: The conservative option for the compressive-flexion cervical injury allowed us to treat without exacerbating neurological symptoms as long as the facet joints are preserved. However, in terms of cervical alignment, surgical stabilization may have been desirable for these patients. Notably, the younger patients and the patients with vertical fracture of the cervical vertebral column in this type of injury required closer observation to help prevent the progression of local kyphosis.

The dosage and administration of long-term intrathecal baclofen therapy for severe spasticity of spinal origin.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart audit. OBJECTIVE: To indicate the appropriate baclofen dosage to control severe spasticity of spinal origin and to develop the optimal administration protocol for long-term intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy. SETTING: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Spinal Injuries Center, Japan. METHODS: Thirty-four people with spasticity of various spinal origins who were consistently treated at our hospital were included. The median follow-up period was 6 years and 11 months. Measures of Ashworth score were taken before and after surgical implant of baclofen pump. We decided not to increase the baclofen dosage after the Ashworth score reached 1. We recorded the control of spasticity, changes in the baclofen dose, and the incidence of complications. RESULTS: The average Ashworth score was 3.31 (1.75-4.0) before implant surgery, 1.38 (1.0-2.25) after implant surgery, and 1.39 (1.0-2.25) at the final follow-up, while the average baclofen dose (therapeutic/optimal dose) was 230.6 µg/day (50-450). The incidence of each complication was as follows: 8.8% (n = 3) catheter-related, 2.9% (n = 1) pump-related and 5.9% (n = 2) drug tolerance. No patients experienced withdrawal syndrome. Dose fluctuation with changes in the pathology of the original disease was observed in three cases. CONCLUSIONS: The usage of the Ashworth score as a guide for dose adjustment was found to be a good objective indicator for ITB therapy. The administration based on this objective indicator made it possible to effectively manage patients with a relatively low dose of baclofen and a low rate of drug-related complications.