ABSTRACT
A PLC-based LP11 mode rotator is proposed. The proposed mode rotator is composed of a waveguide with a trench that provides asymmetry of the waveguide. Numerical simulations show that converting LP11a (LP11b) mode to LP11b (LP11a) mode can be achieved with high conversion efficiency (more than 90%) and little polarization dependence over a wide wavelength range from 1450 nm to 1650 nm. In addition, we fabricate the proposed LP11 mode rotator using silica-based PLC. It is confirmed that the fabricated mode rotator can convert LP11a mode to LP11b mode over a wide wavelength range.
ABSTRACT
Ectodermal organs, such as teeth, hair follicles, and mammary glands, arise from their respective germs through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during organogenesis. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene gamma (Gadd45g) have been shown to play important roles in various biological processes, such as stress responses, cell differentiation, and tumor suppression, through the regulation of cell proliferation and gene expression. We found that Gadd45g was expressed in enamel knots, which orchestrate tooth germ development as epithelial signaling centers. Gadd45g induced the expression of p21 and inhibited the proliferation of dental epithelial cells. The up-regulation of p21 expression was regulated by Gadd45g-mediated activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Thus, our results suggest that Gadd45g is involved in the regulation of p21-mediated epithelial cell proliferation through the p38 MAPK pathway during tooth organ development.
