Draft Genome Sequence of Vibrio jasicida 20LP, an Opportunistic Bacterium Isolated from Fish Larvae.

We present the genome sequence of Vibrio jasicida 20LP, a bacterial strain retrieved from larvae of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a highly valuable, model fish species in land-based aquaculture. Annotation of the V. jasicida 20LP genome reveals multiple genomic features potentially underpinning opportunistic associations with diverse marine animals.

Draft Genome Sequence of Vibrio chagasii 18LP, Isolated from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Larvae Reared in Aquaculture.

We report the draft genome sequence of Vibrio chagasii strain 18LP, isolated from gilthead seabream larvae at a fish hatchery research station in Portugal. The genome presents numerous features underlying opportunistic behavior, including genes coding for toxin biosynthesis and tolerance, host cell invasion, and heavy metal resistance.

Correction: Algal Bioremediation of Waste Waters from Land-Based Aquaculture Using Ulva: Selecting Target Species and Strains.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077344.].

Physiological evaluation post-match as implications to prevent injury in elite soccer players / Evaluación fisiológica tras el partido como implicaciones para prevenir lesiones en jugadores de fútbol elite

Introduction: The accumulated stress measured post-soccer match, often temporarily delays players’ physical performance and, as a result, players may experience acute and chronic fatigue contributing to underperformance and/or injury. Objective: This study investigated changes in physiological parameters such as thermographic profiles of the lower limbs, serum creatine kinase (CK) level, and skin conductance in elite soccer players post-match. Furthermore, perceived wellness was examined in relation to physiological parameters in an attempt to identify a possible relationship that might prove valuable to strength and conditioning and sport coaches in planning and implementing training schedules. Methods: Ten healthy male professional soccer players (25.3 ± 4.6 years; 178.4 ± 6.3 cm; 76.3 kg ± 6.2 kg; body fat 10.2 ± 4.2 %) from a club of the Brazilian first division soccer league participated in this study. GPS sensors were used to quantify the demand of match conditions among all participants along with post-match measures of serum CK, skin conductance, and thermographic images of lower limbs. These same measures, along with a psychometric questionnaire were administered 24 and 48 hours post-match. Results: No significance difference (p > 0.05) was found in contralateral thermal symmetry in the lower limbs. But, both values (maximal and mean values) of skin temperature shown significant difference (p < 0.05) at rest when compared to 24h and 48h post-match. In addition, Serum CK level remained elevated for up to 48h post-match in relation to rest. Conclusion: The results showed that 48 hours post-match is not sufficient to full recovery of soccer players. The use of physiological measures, wellness questionnaires, and thoughtful planning based on readiness may help reduce over-stress injuries and enable athletes to perform at their peak throughout the season

Introducción: El estrés acumulado medido después del partido de fútbol, a menudo retrasa temporalmente el rendimiento físico de los jugadores y, como resultado, los jugadores pueden experimentar fatiga aguda y crónica que contribuyen con un bajo rendimiento y/o lesión Objetivo: Este estudio investigó los cambios en los parámetros fisiológicos, como los perfiles termográficos de las extremidades inferiores, el nivel de creatina quinasa sérica (CK) y la conductancia de la piel (SC) en los jugadores de élite de fútbol después del partido Métodos: Diez jugadores profesionales de fútbol (25,3 ± 4,6 años; 178,4 ± 6,3 cm; 76,3 ± 6,2 kg; grasa corporal 10,2 ± 4,2%) de la liga de fútbol de primera división brasileña participaron en este estudio. Los sensores de GPS se utilizaron para cuantificarla demanda de esfuerzo entre todos los participantes junto con las mediciones posteriores al partido de la CK, la SC y las imágenes termográficas de las extremidades inferiores. Estas mismas medidas, junto con un cuestionario psicométrico, se administraron 24 y 48 horas después del partido. Resultados: No se encontró diferencia de significancia (p>0,05) en la simetría térmica contralateral en las extremidades inferiores. Sin embargo, ambos os valores (valores medios y máximos) de la temperatura de la piel mostraron una diferencia significativa (p<0,05) en reposo en comparación con las 24 horas y 48 horas después de la partida de fútbol. Además, el nivel sérico de CK se mantuvo elevado durante hasta 48 horas después del partido en relación con el descanso. Conclusión: Los resultados mostraron que 48 horas después del partido no es suficiente para La recuperación total de los jugadores de fútbol. El uso de medidas fisiológicas, cuestionario psicométrico y una planificación cuidadosa basada en la preparación pueden ayudar a reducirlas lesiones por sobrecarga

Molecular Taxonomic Profiling of Bacterial Communities in a Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Hatchery.

As wild fish stocks decline worldwide, land-based fish rearing is likely to be of increasing relevance to feeding future human generations. Little is known about the structure and role of microbial communities in fish aquaculture, particularly at larval developmental stages where the fish microbiome develops and host animals are most susceptible to disease. We employed next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA gene reads amplified from total community DNA to reveal the structure of bacterial communities in a gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larviculture system. Early- (2 days after hatching) and late-stage (34 days after hatching) fish larvae presented remarkably divergent bacterial consortia, with the genera Pseudoalteromonas, Marinomonas, Acinetobacter, and Acidocella (besides several unclassified Alphaproteobacteria) dominating the former, and Actinobacillus, Streptococcus, Massilia, Paracoccus, and Pseudomonas being prevalent in the latter. A significant reduction in rearing-water bacterial diversity was observed during the larviculture trial, characterized by higher abundance of the Cryomorphaceae family (Bacteroidetes), known to populate microniches with high organic load, in late-stage rearing water in comparison with early-stage rearing-water. Furthermore, we observed the recruitment, into host tissues, of several bacterial phylotypes-including putative pathogens as well as mutualists-that were detected at negligible densities in rearing-water or in the live feed (i.e., rotifers and artemia). These results suggest that, besides host-driven selective forces, both the live feed and the surrounding rearing environment contribute to shaping the microbiome of farmed gilthead sea-bream larvae, and that a differential establishment of host-associated bacteria takes place during larval development.

Endemic or introduced? Phylogeography of Asparagopsis (Florideophyceae) in Australia reveals multiple introductions and a new mitochondrial lineage.

The red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis embodies five cryptic mitochondrial lineages (lineage 1-5) introduced worldwide as a consequence of human mediated transport and climate change. We compared globally collected mitochondrial cox2-3 intergenic spacer sequences with sequences produced from multiple Australian locations and South Korea to identify Asparagopsis lineages and to reveal cryptic introductions. We report A. taxiformis lineage 4 from Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia, and the highly invasive Indo-Pacific Mediterranean lineage 2 from South Korea and Lord Howe Island, Australia. Phylogeographic analysis showed a clear haplotype and geographic separation between western Australian and Great Barrier Reef (GBR) isolates belonging to the recently described lineage 5. The same lineage, however, was characterized by a substantial genetic and geographic break between the majority of Australian specimens and Asparagopsis collections from South Solitary Island, Southern GBR, Lord Howe Island, Kermadec Islands, Norfolk Island, New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The disjunct geographic distribution and sequence divergence between these two groups supports the recognition of a sixth cryptic A. taxiformis mitochondrial lineage. As climatic changes accelerate the relocation of biota and offer novel niches for colonization, periodic surveys for early detection of cryptic invasive seaweeds will be critical in determining whether eradication or effective containment of the aliens are feasible.

Draft Genome Sequence of Aliivibrio fischeri Strain 5LC, a Bacterium Retrieved from Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Larvae Reared in Aquaculture.

To shed light on the putative host-mediated lifestyle of the quintessential marine symbiont Aliivibrio fischeri, and on the symbiosis versus potentially pathogenic features of bacteria associated with farmed fish, we report the draft genome sequence of A. fischeri strain 5LC, a bacterium retrieved from gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) larvae.

Indirect and direct effects of salinity on the quantity and quality of total amino acids in Ulva ohnoi (Chlorophyta).

Salinity can affect the quantity and quality of total amino acids (TAAs) in seaweeds indirectly by altering growth rates and thereby diluting or concentrating the amino acid content of the biomass, or directly by altering the synthesis of specific amino acids and osmolytes. This study attempted to partition the indirect and direct effects of salinity on the quantity and quality of TAAs in the green seaweed Ulva ohnoi by culturing it under a range of salinities without nutrient limitation. Both the quantity and quality of TAAs varied across the salinity treatments. Quantity was most strongly related to the growth rate of the seaweed and was highest in the slowest growing seaweed. In contrast, the quality of TAAs (individual amino acids as a proportion of total content) was most strongly related to salinity for all amino acids, although this varied substantially among individual amino acids. Increases in salinity were positively correlated with the proportion of proline (46% increase), tyrosine (36% increase), and histidine (26% increase), whereas there was a negative correlation with alanine (29% decrease). The proportion of methionine, with strong links to the synthesis of the osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate, did not correlate linearly with salinity and instead was moderately higher at the optimal salinities for growth. These results show that salinity simultaneously affects the quantity and quality of TAAs in seaweed through both indirect and direct mechanisms, with growth rates playing the overarching role in determining the quantity of TAAs.

Biomass, lipid and fatty acid production in large-scale cultures of the marine macroalga Derbesia tenuissima (Chlorophyta).

Biomass productivity was quantified for the marine macroalga Derbesia tenuissima cultivated outdoors at seven stocking densities from 0.25 to 8 g L(-1) for 5 weeks. Total lipids and fatty acid quantity and quality was measured from samples that were freeze-dried, dried by oven (75 °C), food dehydrator (60 °C), or outdoor in the sun (40 °C) or shade (38 °C). Stocking densities of 0.25 to 2 g L(-1) yielded the highest biomass productivities (>20 g dry weight m(-2) day(-1)) with no effect on total lipid quantity (11 %), or fatty acid quantity (5.3 %) or quality at any density tested. However, there was an interactive effect of stocking density and drying technique, with a decrease of up to 40 % in polyunsaturated fatty acids in sun-dried compared to freeze-dried biomass. Notably, while fatty acid and biomass productivity may be inseparable in macroalgae, cultivation conditions have a significant carryover effect in the post-harvest delivery of high-quality bio-oils.

Variation in amino acid content and its relationship to nitrogen content and growth rate in Ulva ohnoi (Chlorophyta).

To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes in amino acids related to internal nitrogen content and growth rate of Ulva ohnoi, the supply of nitrogen to outdoor cultures of the seaweed was manipulated by simultaneously varying water nitrogen concentrations and renewal rate. Both internal nitrogen content and growth rate varied substantially, and the quantitative and qualitative changes in amino acids were described in the context of three internal nitrogen states: nitrogen-limited, metabolic, and luxury. The nitrogen limited state was defined by increases in all amino acids with increasing nitrogen content and growth up until 1.2% internal nitrogen. The metabolic nitrogen state was defined by increases in all amino acids with increasing internal nitrogen content up to 2.6%, with no increases in growth rate. Luxury state was defined by internal nitrogen content above 2.6%, which occurred only when nitrogen availability was high but growth rates were reduced. In this luxury circumstance, excess nitrogen was accumulated as free amino acids, in two phases. The first phase was distinguished by a small increase in the majority of amino acids up to ≈3.3% internal nitrogen, and the second by a large increase in glutamic acid, glutamine, and arginine up to 4.2% internal nitrogen. These results demonstrate that the relationship between internal nitrogen content and amino acid quality is dynamic but predictable, and could be used for the selective culture of seaweeds.

Enhanced production of green tide algal biomass through additional carbon supply.

Intensive algal cultivation usually requires a high flux of dissolved inorganic carbon (Ci) to support productivity, particularly for high density algal cultures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment can be used to overcome Ci limitation and enhance productivity of algae in intensive culture, however, it is unclear whether algal species with the ability to utilise bicarbonate (HCO3 (-)) as a carbon source for photosynthesis will benefit from CO2 enrichment. This study quantified the HCO3 (-) affinity of three green tide algal species, Cladophora coelothrix, Cladophora patentiramea and Chaetomorpha linum, targeted for biomass and bioenergy production. Subsequently, we quantified productivity and carbon, nitrogen and ash content in response to CO2 enrichment. All three species had similar high pH compensation points (9.7-9.9), and grew at similar rates up to pH 9, demonstrating HCO3 (-) utilization. Algal cultures enriched with CO2 as a carbon source had 30% more total Ci available, supplying twenty five times more CO2 than the control. This higher Ci significantly enhanced the productivity of Cladophora coelothrix (26%), Chaetomorpha linum (24%) and to a lesser extent for Cladophora patentiramea (11%), compared to controls. We demonstrated that supplying carbon as CO2 can enhance the productivity of targeted green tide algal species under intensive culture, despite their clear ability to utilise HCO3 (-).

Algal bioremediation of waste waters from land-based aquaculture using ulva: selecting target species and strains.

The optimised reduction of dissolved nutrient loads in aquaculture effluents through bioremediation requires selection of appropriate algal species and strains. The objective of the current study was to identify target species and strains from the macroalgal genus Ulva for bioremediation of land-based aquaculture facilities in Eastern Australia. We surveyed land-based aquaculture facilities and natural coastal environments across three geographic locations in Eastern Australia to determine which species of Ulva occur naturally in this region and conducted growth trials at three temperature treatments on a subset of samples from each location to determine whether local strains had superior performance under local environmental conditions. DNA barcoding using the markers ITS and tufA identified six species of Ulva, with U. ohnoi being the most common blade species and U. sp. 3 the most common filamentous species. Both species occurred at multiple land-based aquaculture facilities in Townsville and Brisbane and multiple strains of each species grew well in culture. Specific growth rates of U. ohnoi and U. sp. 3 were high (over 9% and 15% day(-1) respectively) across temperature treatments. Within species, strains of U. ohnoi had higher growth in temperatures corresponding to local conditions, suggesting that strains may be locally adapted. However, across all temperature treatments Townsville strains had the highest growth rates (11.2-20.4% day(-1)) and Sydney strains had the lowest growth rates (2.5-8.3% day(-1)). We also found significant differences in growth between strains of U. ohnoi collected from the same geographic location, highlighting the potential to isolate and cultivate fast growing strains. In contrast, there was no clearly identifiable competitive strain of filamentous Ulva, with multiple species and strains having variable performance. The fast growth rates and broad geographical distribution of U. ohnoi make this an ideal species to target for bioremediation activities at land-based aquaculture facilities in Eastern Australia.

Seaweed extracts as a natural control against the monogenean ectoparasite, Neobenedenia sp., infecting farmed barramundi (Lates calcarifer).

Aqueous extracts from common tropical seaweeds were evaluated for their effect on the life cycle of the commercially important ectoparasite, Neobenedenia sp. (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea), through the survival of attached adult parasites, period of embryonic development, hatching success and oncomiracidia (larvae) infection success. There was no significant effect of any extract on the survival of adult parasites attached to fish hosts or infection success by oncomiracidia. However, the extracts of two seaweeds, Ulva sp. and Asparagopsis taxiformis, delayed embryonic development and inhibited egg hatching. The extract of A. taxiformis was most effective, inhibiting embryonic development of Neobenedenia sp. and reducing hatching success to 3% compared with 99% for the seawater control. Furthermore, of the 3% of eggs that hatched, time to first and last hatch was delayed (days 14 and 18) compared with the seawater control (days 5 and 7). Asparagopsis taxiformis shows the most potential for development as a natural treatment to manage monogenean infections in intensive aquaculture with the greatest impact at the embryo stage.

CARBON/NUTRIENT BALANCE IN RELATION TO BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND HALOGENATED COMPOUND CONTENT IN THE RED ALGA ASPARAGOPSIS TAXIFORMIS (BONNEMAISONIACEAE)(1).

We tested how the availability of carbon and nitrogen determines both the production of Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) V. Trevis. and content of the two major halocarbons, bromoform and dibromoacetic acid. The halogenated secondary metabolites of Asparagopsis species are particularly interesting from an applied perspective due to their remarkable antimicrobial activity. Terrestrial ecologists named the relationship between resources and secondary metabolites as the carbon (C)/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. This relationship was tested both in the laboratory, with a factorial analysis using different concentrations of total ammonia (TAN) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and in an integrated aquaculture system where TAN and DIC fluxes of fish effluent were manipulated. The total C/N content of A. taxiformis biomass cultivated in laboratory was highly significantly linearly related to the content of both halocarbons, as predicted by the CNB hypothesis. A. taxiformis cultivated at low levels of carbon and high levels of nitrogen (N) (lowest C/N ratio) had the lowest content in both halogenated metabolites. Increased availability of CO2 in the medium resulted in a general higher halocarbon content in the biomass, even though the effect was only statistically significant for bromoform at high levels of N. The farm experiments supported the results of the laboratory experiments. DIC fluxes had the highest effect on the production of both bromoform and biomass, as shown by multiple regression analysis. In A. taxiformis integrated aquaculture, C, rather than N, is the most important factor affecting the production of biomass and of valuable halocarbon secondary metabolites.

Frecuencia de marcadores serológicos del virus de la hepatitis B en sujetos fallecidos en un hospital clase A de San José / Frecuency of serologic markers of hepatitis B virus in deseaced in San Jose hospital class A

Objetivo: Conocer la frecuencia de tres marcadores serológicos del virus de la hepatitis B (VHB): antígeno de superficie (HBsAG), anticuerpos anti-antígeno de superficie (anti-HBs) y anticuerpos totales al antígeno central (anti-HBc) es una población de adultos fallecidos en un hospital general. Material y Métodos: Mediante las técnicas de ELISA y RIA se hizo determinación de la presencia de tres marcadores del VHB en el suero de 336 pacientes fallecidos. Resultados: Se encontró HBsAg en el 2,4 por ciento de los casos; anticuerpos anti-HBs en el 29,8 por ciento; y anti-HBc en el 31,8 por ciento. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de los tres marcadores mencionados fue más alta en esta casuística, que en otras personas vivas del país descritas por otros autores(1-3). Los autores no pudieron ubicar investigaciones similares a ésta, en personas hospitalizadas que mueren en nosocomios. Este estudio sugiere que la infección con HBV es más frecuente en la población hospitalizada que muere en el hospital, que en la población general (3). Palabras claves: Marcadores serológicos, Hepatitis B, Decesos hospitalarios, Costa Rica

Intoxicación paralítica por mariscos (IPM) por Spondylus calcifer contaminado con Pyrodinium bahamense, Costa Rica, 1989-1990 / Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PDSP) due to Spondylus calcifer contaminated by Pyrodinium bahamense, Costa Rica, 1989-1990

Se estudió un brote de intoxicación paralítica por mariscos (IPM) que afectó varias poblaciones humanas de la Costa Pacífica de Costa Rica, en octubre de 1989. El cuadro clínico en adultos consistió en adormecimiento de brazos, cara y piernas, 30 a 45 minutos después de ingerir moluscos crudos. El cuadro se acompaño de dificuldad o incapacidad para caminar (parálisis) y síntomas respiratorios y neurológicos durante varios días. El principal transvector fue el "ostión vaca" (Spondylus calcifer) el cual contenía en su intestino grandes cantidades de Pyrodinium bahamense. Por inoculación de ratones blancos se demostró una toxina en preparaciones crudas y filtradas de intestino, músculo, manto y hepatopáncreas del ostión vaca y, en menor grado, de "navajas" (Tagelus sp.). El efecto de la toxina fue inmediato, y consitió em parálisis seguida de muerte por asfixia. La toxina es resistente al calor y no ocasiona alteraciones en la apariencia y características organolépticas de los tejidos del molusco. No se demostró toxina en "pianguas" (Anadara tuberculosa) ni en camarones peneidos. Se recomienda establecer un sistema de vigilancia de la marea roja, el examen periódico de mariscos en esa época, la educación del personal a cargo de la pesca y comercialización de moluscos, y la educación de la comunidad y personal de salud para reconocer los casos leves y moderados