Immune cell ratio and coagulation markers in assessing prognosis of asthma: a cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia.

Asthma affects a significant number of individuals in Saudi Arabia, with increasing prevalence worldwide, leading to a considerable impact on their quality of life and frequent hospitalizations. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between the immune cell ratio and coagulation markers, specifically to identify the occurrence of coagulation abnormalities associated with asthma. To achieve this, we assessed asthma history and severity using a questionnaire while analyzing coagulation biomarkers through venous blood samples. The biomarkers examined included d-dimer, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and the international normalized ratio (INR). In addition, we evaluated various hematological parameters such as blood cell counts and hemoglobin (HGB) levels. Our findings revealed compelling evidence, showing significantly elevated levels of d-dimer and the eosinophil-to-neutrophil (ENR) ratio in asthma cases compared to the controls. Moreover, we observed a positive correlation between d-dimer levels and the ENR, with each unit increase in d-dimer associated with a 0.0006 increase in the ENR among asthma cases. These results highlight the potential of assessing ENR and d-dimer levels as predictive indicators for disease prognosis and the development of coagulation abnormalities in individuals with asthma. By shedding light on the relationship between immune cell ratios and coagulation markers in the context of asthma, our study contributes to a better understanding of disease progression and the associated complications. These insights can potentially lead to improved management strategies and better outcomes for asthma patients.

Antimicrobial, anticancer, and biofilm inhibition studies of highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG): In vitro and in silico analysis.

Background: Bacterial infections and cancers may cause various acute or chronic diseases, which have become serious global health issues. This requires suitable alternatives involving novel and efficient materials to replace ineffective existing therapies. In this regard, graphene composites are being continuously explored for a variety of purposes, including biomedical applications, due to their remarkable properties. Methods: Herein, we explore, in-vitro, the different biological properties of highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG), including anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-biofilm properties. Furthermore, to analyze the interactions of graphene with proteins of microbes, in silico docking analysis was also carried out. To do this, HRG was prepared using graphene oxide as a precursor, which was further chemically reduced to obtain the final product. The as-prepared HRG was characterized using different types of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Results: The HRG revealed significant cytotoxic ability, using a dose-dependent anti-cell proliferation approach, which substantially killed human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) with IC50 of 29.51 ± 2.68 µg/mL. The HRG demonstrated efficient biological properties, i.e., even at low concentrations, HRG exhibited efficient anti-microbial properties against a variety of microorganisms. Among the different strains, Gram-positive bacteria, such as B. subtilis, MRSA, and S. aureus are more sensitive to HRG compared to Gram-negative bacteria. The bactericidal properties of HRG are almost similar to a commercially available effective antibiotic (ampicillin). To evaluate the efficacy of HRG against bacterial biofilms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA were applied, and the results were compared with gentamycin and ampicillin, which are commonly applied standard antibiotics. Notably, HRG demonstrated high inhibition (94.23%) against P.aeruginosa, with lower MIC (50 µg/mL) and IC50 (26.53 µg/mL) values, whereas ampicillin and gentamicin showed similar inhibition (90.45% and 91.31% respectively) but much higher MIC and IC50 values. Conclusion: Therefore, these results reveal the excellent biopotential of HRG in different biomedical applications, including cancer therapy; antimicrobial activity, especially anti-biofilm activity; and other biomedicine-based therapies. Based on the molecular docking results of Binding energy, it is predicted that pelB protein and HRG would form the best stable docking complex, and high hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions between the pelB protein and HRG have been revealed. Therefore, we conclude that HRG could be used as an antibiofilm agent against P. aeruginosa infections.

Effect of hematocrit, galactose and ascorbic acid on the blood glucose readings of three point-of-care glucometers.

Glucometers are commonly used in a variety of healthcare settings and use in critically ill patients should not be assumed without appropriate tool validation. The study objective was to evaluate the accuracy of three point-of-care glucometers (POCGs) to assess glucose concentration in human blood sample. The POCGs tested included three different instruments and utilized three factors (hematocrit [Hct], galactose and ascorbic acid) in glucose measurements to determine the glucometers' accuracy and compared to the reference laboratory biochemical analyzer (Cobs 8000, Roche, Basal, Switzerland). In this study, the Nova StatStrip glucometer showed no significant variation compared to the laboratory method at high glucose level with various Hct%. ACCU-Chek Inform II overestimated the glucose results at Hct 22% and underestimated at Hct 62%. The Freestyle glucometer showed lower glucose levels compared to the Cobas 8000 at Hct 62%. The ACCU-Check showed significant increase of blood glucose with low Hct% levels when compared to the laboratory method. The Freestyle showed a decreased level of glucose with high Hct 62% interference compared to the Cobas 8000. Galactose interference 100 and 200 mg/dL dramatically affected the accuracy of ACCU-Chek Inform II. Nevertheless, among all three POCGs in this study, the Nova StatStrip showed the most reliable and stable results for glucose level in the presence of interference. Especially, those in critical care units, whereas the Freestyle Precision Pro and ACCU-Chek Inform II were insufficiently accurate for critically ill patients.

Analysis of CCND1 protein and circulatory antioxidant enzyme activity association in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Antioxidants are involved in the process of cellular damage prevention, which is considered as an avenue for cancer development. Free radicals are produced in the body upon exposure to stress, cigarette smoke, alcohol, toxins found in personal care products, pesticides in foods, radiation from the sun, viruses, germs or fungi etc. CCND1/CyclinD1 protein was found to be overexpressed in Oral squamous cell carcinoma. One hundred patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma were recruited along with hundred controls for this study from MNJ institute of Oncology with the approval of Ethics Committee, 5 ml blood samples were collected from each patient and centrifuged to collect serum for various assays. The antioxidant enzymes like catalase, SOD, GPX and GST were estimated using enzymatic assays. Results were expressed as unit of activity for mg of protein. Insilco analysis is performed using STRING v 11 Protein interaction tool. The patients with oral cancer had significantly reduced activities of SOD, GST and GPX (1.49 ± 0.49, 3.97 ± 0.86 and 10.7 ± 0.73 respectively) compared to healthy controls (4.37 ± 1.43, 6.10 ± 1.12 and 13.8 ± 1.25 respectively) (p < 0.005). However no significant difference was observed with regard to catalase activity (2.71 ± 6.51 and 4.03 ± 1.48) (p = 0.28). The proteins interaction PPI enrichment p-value was found to be 3.22e-10 predicted significantly more interactions. Our research findings shown that there was a decline in activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione s transferase in addition, personal habits like smoking play a major role in the development and progression of oral carcinogenesis and based on Insilco analysis results CCND1/Cyclin D1 could be the potential therapeutic target in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Determination of synergistic effects of antibiotics and Zno NPs against isolated E. Coli and A. Baumannii bacterial strains from clinical samples.

The mortality rates has been increased globally due to multidrug resistant (MDR) E.coli and A.baumanii bacterial strains and also there is an emerging resistance of the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria to Carbapenem antibiotics (CRE) in Saudi Arabia. The main aim of our research study is to isolate E.coli and A. baumannii bacterial species from various collected clinical samples and to evaluate the MIC and FICI of Colistin, Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem and ZnO NPs and in combination of Colistin, Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem with ZnO NPs. The clinical isolated strains of A. baumannii (MRO-17-13) and A. baumannii (MRO-17-25) was found to be sensitive towards colistin with 0.5 µg/mL concentration, whereas, all the isolated A. baumannii strains showed similar MIC value 2 mg/mL when tested with ZnO NPs, the MIC value for the ZnO NPs was found to be similar for all the E.coli strains 0.25 mg/mL. The effects of all Ciprofloxacin concentrations used in the study were bacteriostatic against E. coli (01UR19006568-01) strain but 1 mg/mL concentration of ZnO NPs alone is showed bactericidal activity, ZnO NPs effect was found to be concentration dependent, as highest concentration of ZnO NPs showed strongest antibacterial effect. In conclusion, more investigation is required to evaluate the acceptable concentration of Zno NPs and antibiotics selected to avoid toxicity and must be tested against more clinically isolated gram-negative bacterial strains.

SARS-CoV-2: Insight in genome structure, pathogenesis and viral receptor binding analysis - An updated review.

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a global pandemic outbreak is an emerging new virus accountable for respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, originated in Wuhan city, Hubei province China, urgently calls to adopt prevention and intervention strategies. Several viral epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 to 2003 and H1N1 influenza in 2009 were reported since last two decades. Moreover, the Saudi Arabia was the epicenter for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. The CoVs are large family with single-stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA). Genome sequence of 2019-nCoV, shows relatively different homology from other coronavirus subtypes, categorized in betacoronavirus and possibly found from strain of bats. The COVID-19 composed of exposed densely glycosylated spike protein (S) determines virus binding and infiltrate into host cells as well as initiate protective host immune response. Recently published reviews on the emerging SARS-CoV-2 have mainly focused on its structure, development of the outbreak, relevant precautions and management trials. Currently, there is an urgency of pharmacological intervention to combat this deadly infectious disease. Elucidation of molecular mechanism of COVID-19 becomes necessary. Based on the current literature and understanding, the aim of this review is to provide current genome structure, etiology, clinical prognosis as well as to explore the viral receptor binding together functional insight of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) with treatment and preventive measures.

Synergistic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and various antibiotics combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinically isolated bacterial strains.

P. aeruginosa causes mostly both community-acquired and nosocomial infections, which leads to serious therapeutic challenges for treatment and requirement of appropriate therapeutic agent is needed which can combat antibiotic resistance. The research work was performed to investigate the effect of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in combination with Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, and Colistin against clinical isolated strains of P. aeruginosa and ATCC 27853 strain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO NPs and the antibiotics (Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, and Colistin), was determined by the microdilution method and the results of MIC values were ranging between 1 and 16 µg/mL was found to be shown for antibiotics and ZnO NPs found to showed highest MIC values ranging from 2000 to 4000 µg/mL. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was calculated using checkerboard method to test the combinations of ZnO NPs and the antibiotics (Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, and Colistin), and among all the six P. aeruginosa clinical isolated strains P. aeruginosa (MRO-16-3 and MRO-16-4), showed FICI as 0.24 and 0.39 9, whereas P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strain showed FICI as 0.41 which indicates synergistic effect with Colistin. The time kill growth curve showed synergistic effect for the combination of Colistin and ZnO NPs against P. aeruginosa (MRO-16-3 and MRO-16-) strains. P. aeruginosa (MRO-16-3) was found to be highly sensitive to Colistin with an MIC of 2 µg/mL, which has shown to reduced bacterial growth to zero colonies after 24 h of incubation. In conclusion, combination of Colistin and ZnO NPs at appropriate dosage intervals might be beneficial as using therapeutic agent in treatment of P. aeruginosa ailments.

Molecular & biochemical analysis of Pro12Ala variant of PPAR-γ2 gene in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes has emerged as a major threat to human life globally. Genomic studies have found a significant link between the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene with incidence as well as occurrence of the risk of metabolic syndrome. The present study was aimed at assessing the PPAR-γ2 variant in an Asian Indian cohort of type 2 diabetes patients and its correlation with metabolic parameters. The present case-control study involved 100 type 2 diabetic patients and 100 asymptomatic healthy volunteers enrolled in random. Assessment of demographic factors and biochemical parameters were done for all enrolled. In addition, genotyping for the Pro12Ala (CCA to GCA) polymorphism was done by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technology. The genotyping study detected the frequency of the CC genotype (Pro12Pro) to be higher in frequency in comparison to the heterozygous CG genotype in both, cases and controls. The homozygous GG genotype (Ala12Ala) was not detected in any of the cases or controls assessed. Biochemical analysis of the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) detected a significant increase (p < 0.0001). Additionally, increase in levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and parameters of the liver and renal function tests were detected. This study detected the PPAR-γ2 to be a significant biomarker for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Epidemiological characterization, genetic alterations of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic gastric disorder and prognostic values of heterozygosity loss in chromosome 3p.

From the literature review, there seem to be no studies conducted on infection caused by Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma in the KSA region. The present research is an attempt to understand the prevalence of patients infected with H. pylori in the selected region and the role of allelic imbalance of chromosome 3p regions to understand the clinical manifestations and features associated with MALT lymphomagenesis. The researcher analyzed the frequency of infection in patients from the region of Saudi Arabia by examining the data collected from hospitals and biopsy tissue samples as per the recommended protocol. The endoscopic diagnosis was performed to collect biopsy samples. Histology and AP-PCR DNA fingerprinting analyses were performed from the endoscopic gastric mucosal biopsies collected from patients with associated gastric MALT lymphoma. The existence of H. pylori was examined based on the results of gastric mucosal biopsies stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Steiner's silver stains. MALT, MALT lymphoma tissue samples and H. pylori-positive chronic gastritis were examined for LOH at chromosome 3p24 using standard procedures and techniques. The findings of the paper revealed the H. pylori was found to be positive in 17% of the cases significantly high among the age group of 31-50 years. Patients with MALT, MALT lymphoma, and H. pylori-associated gastritis presented features such as lymphocyte accumulation, vacuolation, Peyer's patch appearance, and lymphatic follicles. H. pylori were found to appear as a dense colored accumulated mass in the gastric epithelial layer. The findings from AP-PCR generated DNA fingerprints revealed intense band including two prominent bands in MALT lymphoma. Among other loci, 3p24 was the only one locus that showed high percentages of LOH as reported earlier in all cancer-related cases. The findings of this research paper empower the fact that allelic imbalances play a vital role in the development of MALT lymphoma. However, future researches should be conducted to identify the chromosome regions of the AP-PCR generated DNA fingerprints of human gastric MALT lymphoma in order to confirm this proposition.

Screening & analysis of anionic peptides from Foeniculum vulgare Mill by mass spectroscopy.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) member from the family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) and has been used in Saudi Arabia as an medicine as of the from the tradition. Our previous work with seed extracts of this plant generated DEAE-ion exchange purified proteins that exhibited antibacterial properties. The current study moves this work forward by using 2-D gel separation and MALDI TOF/TOF to identify proteins in this active extract. Fourteen protein spots were excised, digested, and identified. Several putative functions were identified, including: a copper-trans locating ATPase PAA1 chloroplastic-like isoform X1; a cytosolic enolase; a putative pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein; an NADP-requiring isocitrate dehydrogenase; two proteins annotated as being encoded downstream from Son-like proteins; three probable nuclear proteins 5-1; and four predicted/ unidentified proteins. Future efforts will further characterize their relevant antimicrobial properties with the aim of cloning and high throughput synthesis of the antimicrobial element(s).

An Alanine-Rich Peptide Attenuates Quorum Sensing-Regulated Virulence and Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus.

Background: Alanine-rich proteins/peptides (ARP), with bioactivity of up to 20 amino acid residues, can be observed by the body easily during gastrointestinal digestion. Objective: Populus trichocarpa extract's capability to attenuate quorum sensing-regulated virulence and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus is described. Methods: PT13, an ARP obtained from P. trichocarpa, was tested for its activity against S. aureus using the broth microdilution test; a crystal-violet biofilm assay was performed under a scanning electron microscope. The production of various virulence factors was estimated with PT13 treatment. Microarray gene expression profiling of PT13-treated S. aureus was conducted and compared with an untreated control. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) was estimated to observe the PT13 inhibition activity. Results: PT13 was antimicrobial toward S. aureus at different concentrations and showed a similar growth rate in the presence and absence of PT13 at concentrations ≤8 µg/mL. Biofilm production was interrupted even at low concentrations, and biofilm-related genes were down-regulated when exposed to PT13. The genes encoding cell adhesion and bacterial attachment protein were the major genes suppressed by PT13. In addition, hemolysins, clumping activity, and EPS production of S. aureus decreased after treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions: A long-chain PT13 with effective actions that, even at low concentration levels, not only regulated the gene expression in the producer organism but also blocked the virulence gene expression in this Gram-positive human pathogen is described. Highlights: We identified a PT13 as a potential antivirulence agent that regulated production of bacterial virulence determinants (e.g., toxins, enzymes and biofilm), downwards and it may be a promising anti-virulence agent to be further developed as an anti-infective agent.

Alanine rich peptide from Populus trichocarpa inhibit growth of Staphylococcus aureus via targetting its extracellular domain of Sensor Histidine Kinase YycGex protein.

BACKGROUND: Due to growing concern towards microbial resistance, ongoing search for developing novel bioactive compounds such as peptides is on rise. The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial effect of Populus trichocarpa extract, chemically identify the active peptide fraction and finds its target in Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS: In this study the active fraction of P. trichocarpa crude extract was purified and characterized using MS/MS. This peptide PT13 antimicrobial activity was confirmed by in-vitro agar based disk diffusion and in-vivo infection model of G. mellonella. The proteomic expression analysis of S. aureus under influence of PT13 was studied using LTQ-Orbitrap-MS in-solution digestion and identity of target protein was acquired with their quantified expression using label-free approach of Progenesis QI software. Docking study was performed with peptide PT13 and its target YycG protein using CABS-dock. RESULTS: The active fraction PT13 sequence was identified as KVPVAAAAAAAAAVVASSMVVAAAK, with 25 amino acid including 13 alanine having M/Z 2194.2469. PT13 was uniformly inhibited growth S. aureus SA91 and MIC was determined 16 µg/mL for SA91 S. aureus strain. Sensor histidine kinase (YycG) was most significant target found differentially expressed under influence of PT13. G. mellonella larvae were killed rapidly due to S aureus infection, whereas death in protected group was insignificant in compare to control. The docking models showed ten docking models with RMSD value 1.89 for cluster 1 and RMSD value 3.95 for cluster 2 which is predicted to be high quality model. CONCLUSION: Alanine rich peptide could be useful in constructing as antimicrobial peptide for targeting extracellular Domain of Sensor Histidine Kinase YycG from S. aureus used in the study.

Purification and MIC analysis of antimicrobial proteins from Cucumis sativus L. seeds.

BACKGROUND: Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber), from the family Cucurbitaceae, is a therapeutic plant with various pharmacological benefits, broadly utilized as a part of complementary medicine (e.g., Unani, Ayurveda, Siddha, and Traditional Chinese). In light of past research discoveries, this plant had been chosen to consider its potential antibacterial action. METHODS: Extracts were purified by dialysis and ion exchange chromatography strategy and then assayed for antibacterial activity against four standard pathogenic bacterial strains known to cause foodborne infections and spoilage of food and herbal drugs. Antimicrobial peptides were extracted from seeds using a sodium phosphate citrate (pH 7.2) - CTAB cradle (pH 6.0). RESULTS: The highest protein concentration was seen with elute fractions 1 and 3 (370 mg/mL) compared with elute fractions 2 and 4 (340 mg/mL). Among the bacteria utilized, E. coli was clearly the most sensitive out of selected four strains. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Cucumis sativus L seeds extracts have significant potentials as new antimicrobial agents.

Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolated from carriage and association of its pathogenicity to prevalent toxic genes.

BACKGROUND: There are reports of non-toxigenic C. difficile strains from asymptomatic carriers are increasing source of transmission. Asymptomatic carriage transmission in the hospital or community settings might have changed over the years. Therefore, we initiated a prospective epidemiological study to define the risk factors and pathogenicity of asymptomatic C. difficile carriage. METHODS: Stools sample from 188 subjects with diarrhoea due to C. difficile toxin and colonization without diarrhoea was subjected to routine microbial culture, molecular characterization for identification of toxin genes and mechanisms of resistance in C.difficile. Demographic data were recorded. Fifty five were positive for C. difficile includes thirty nine toxigenic C. difficile (TCD) and sixteen non toxigenic C. difficile (NTCD) isolates. Pathogenecity of toxic and nontoxic strains were analysed using AO/EB staining, Annexin V staining using flow cytometer and Galleria mellonella survival analyses. RESULTS: Among 188, fifty five were positive for C.difficile. Infected or colonized individual with TCD or NTCD were more frequently exposed to hemodialysis compared with uncolonized patients. Isolates showed more resistant to clindamycin and levofloxacin. All TCD and eight of NTCD were tcdA-positive. Only four of TCD were positive for cdtA, tcdA, and tcdB (7%, n = 55). In thirty isolates erm (B) gene was found to be prevelant gene. High virulence was found with TCD strain and it was validated using in Galleria mellonella infection model which supported in vitro experiments. The strain with cdtA, tcdA, and tcdB, seen to have elevated virulence to increased resistance and virulence subsequently led to raised virulence in this pathogen. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic TCD colonization was relatively high, however, with a small number of enrolled subjects the significant of results might have limitations and the occurrence of CDI among different age group still remains unclear.

Screening, Purification and Characterization of Anionic Antimicrobial Proteins from Foeniculum Vulgare.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill., commonly called fennel, is a medicinal plant belonging to the Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family, and is used in traditional medicine. Antibacterial peptides were isolated using sodium phosphate citrate buffer and, for extraction, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) buffer with pH 6, have been employed and antimicrobial activity tested against four reference strains. The extracted protein was subjected to 3 kDa dialysis and separation was carried out by DEAE-ion exchange chromatography and further proteins were identified by 2D gel electrophoresis. The results of Foeniculum vulgare elutes obtained from DEAE-ion exchange chromatography were tested for antibacterial activity. Elute 3 shows the highest antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a diameter of a zone of inhibition of 16 mm and IC50 value 25.02 (mcg/mL). Based on the findings of the wide usage in treatment of various ailments and day-to-day life, Foeniculum vulgare seeds were used in the present research and have shown promising antibacterial effects, which requires further proteomic research to authenticate the role of the anticipated proteins.

Analysis of anti-bacterial and anti oxidative activity of Azadirachta indica bark using various solvents extracts.

Herbal medications have been used for relief of symptoms of disease. Regardless of the great advances observed in current medicine in recent decades, plants still make a significant contribution to health care. An alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents demands that a renewed effort be made to seek antibacterial agents effective against pathogenic bacteria resistant to or less sensitive to current antibiotics. Anti-bacterial activity of Azadirachta indica stem bark was tested against pathogenic Salmonella paratyphi and Salmonella typhi using various solvent extracts. The in vitro anti-bacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method and the results were expressed as the average diameter of zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the well. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed better anti-bacterial activity with zone of inhibition (20-25 mm) when compared with other tested extracts and standard antibiotic Erythromycin (15 mcg) with zone of inhibition (13-14 mm). Using Fisher's exact test of significance difference was found between two Salmonella strains sensitivity patterns against tested extracts (P â©½ 0.035). Extracts of A. indica stem bark also exhibited significant antioxidant activity, thus establishing the extracts as an antioxidant. The results obtained in this study give some scientific support to the A. indica stem bark for further investigation of compounds and in future could be used as drug.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of crude protein extracts from seeds of six different medical plants against standard bacterial strains.

A huge group of natural antimicrobial compounds are active against a large spectrum of bacterial strains causing infectious threat. The present study was conducted to investigate the crude extracts of antimicrobial protein and peptide efficacy from six medicinal plant seeds. Extraction was carried out in Sodium phosphate citrate buffer, and Sodium acetate buffer using different pH. Antimicrobial activities of these plants were determined by the microbiological technique using Agar well diffusion Assay. Extremely strong activity was observed in the seed extracts of Allium ascolinicum extracted in sodium phosphate citrate buffer at pH (5.8) against Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with zone of inhibition 17 mm, 17 mm and 15 mm and Rumex vesicarius at pH (7.6), Ammi majus at pH (6.8), Cichorium intybus at pH (7.4) and Cucumis sativus at pH (7.8) also showed better sensitivity against the bacterial strains with zone of inhibition ranges 16-10 mm and some of the strains were found to be resistant. Antibacterial activity pattern of different plant extracts prepared in sodium acetate buffer pH (6.5), among all the plant seed extracts used Foeniculum vulgare had shown good inhibition in all the bacterial strains used, with zone of inhibition ranges 11-12.5 mm, The extracts of C. intybus and C. sativus were found to be effective with zone of inhibition 11-6 mm and some of the strains were found to be resistant. Most of the strains found to have shown better sensitivity compared with the standard antibiotic Chloramphenicol (25 mcg). Our results showed that the plants used for our study are the richest source for antimicrobial proteins and peptides and they may be used for industrial extraction and isolation of antimicrobial compounds which may find a place in medicine industry as constituents of antibiotics.