The Association between a MAOB Variable Number Tandem Repeat Polymorphism and Cocaine and Opiate Addictions in Polyconsumers.

Genetic analysis of the association between alcohol, cocaine, and opiate addiction and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) and serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1B and 2C (HTR1B 21 and HTR2C) pathway genes was performed in a sample of 302 polyconsumers. Our genetic association analysis revealed a significant association between a 184 base pair (bp) VNTR polymorphism in the MAOB gene and addiction to cocaine and opiates. This work highlights new genetic marker associations in cocaine and opiate polyconsumer addictions. These data help to clarify and quantify the complex role of genetics in addictive disorders, as well as their future contribution to the prevention (genetic counselling), diagnosis (genetic diagnosis of vulnerability), and treatment (pharmacogenomics) of these disorders.

Sensorimotor Gating in Cocaine-Related Disorder with Comorbid Schizophrenia or Antisocial Personality Disorder.

Objective: Schizophrenia, cocaine-related disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and psychopathy share biological bases, but few studies discriminate between these disorders by means of prepulse inhibition. This work studies the phenotype of patients with cocaine-related disorders who are vulnerable to presenting a dual diagnosis of schizophrenia or antisocial personality disorder, by evaluating their prepulse inhibition, impulsivity and psychopathy personality traits. Methods: The sample (n = 38) was divided into three groups: (1) cocaine-related disorder (8 individuals diagnosed with cocaine-related disorder who did not present any other mental disorder), (2) cocaine-related disorder and schizophrenia (n = 14), and (3) cocaine-related disorder and antisocial personality disorder (n = 16). Results: The prepulse inhibition in the two groups with dual diagnosis was lower than that in the cocaine-related disorder group, F(2, 35) = 6.52, p = .004, while there was no significant differences between the two dual-diagnosis groups. Psychopathy was evaluated with the revised Hare Psychopathy Checklist and showed no correlation with the prepulse inhibition. Secondary psychopathy (impulsivity and poor behavior control), as evaluated with Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, was related to the prepulse inhibition. Two discriminating functions were obtained that allowed prediction of patient inclusion in the groups using the prepulse inhibition and the revised Hare Psychopathy Checklist with a success rate of 81.6% (cocaine-related disorder = 62.5%; cocaine-related disorder and schizophrenia = 78.6%; cocaine-related disorder and antisocial personality disorder = 93.8%). These results are discussed in regard to the neurobiological implications of prepulse inhibition in dual diagnosis. Conclusions: The results suggest that the prepulse inhibition is a promising dual-diagnosis vulnerability marker in individuals with cocaine addiction, because prepulse inhibition deficits are related both to schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder. In addition, prepulse inhibition, which is considered a good endophenotype for studies on the genetic and neurobiological basis of cocaine-related disorder and schizophrenia, could be used in the same way in studies on antisocial personality disorder.

[Opiate dependence type II or antisocial: Cloninger's Psychobiological Model and its usefullness in addictions]. / Dependencia de Opiáceos tipo II o antisocial: utilidad del Modelo Psicobiológico de Cloninger en adicciones.

The aim was to analyze the relationship between Cloninger's dimensions and Personality Disorders (PD) (with DSM-IV criteria) in opiate dependents. The study was Cross-sectional. The sampling of 196 patients with opiate dependence was consecutive. All were receiving treatment in an inpatient detoxification unit. Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), International Personality Disorders Examination (IPDE) and a Substance Use Questionnaire were used. Character's dimensions as Self-directness and Cooperation were related with PD when scored low. Opposite to Cloninger descriptions, high scores of Self-transcendence were related with presence of PD. Related to temperamental dimensions, cluster A was related with low scores of Reward Dependence (RD) and cluster C with high scores of Harm Avoidance (HA). Otherwise, in cluster B, while Borderline PD had high scores of Novelty Seeking (as high HA), the Antisocial PD only were related to low scores of RD. RD dimension seems useful to differ from presence or absence of Antisocial PD, also when alcohol consumption is considered. Cloninger's Model of Personality is useful in drug dependents for the definition of the different PD, as well as for probable PD's aggregation. This model also helps to create subtypes in opiate dependents as the antisocial or type II.

Dependencia de Opiáceos tipo II o antisocial: utilidad del Modelo Psicobiológico de Cloninger en adicciones / Opiate Dependence Type II or antisocial: Cloninger’s Psychobiological Model and its usefullness in addictions

El objetivo es relacionar las dimensiones del modelo de Cloninger y los trastornos de personalidad (TP) según criterios DSM-IV en dependientes de opiáceos. Para ello se realizó un estudio transversal, por muestreo consecutivo, en 196 dependientes de opiáceos ingresados en una Unidad de Desintoxicación Hospitalaria. Se usaron un cuestionario de consumo de sustancias, el inventario de temperamento y carácter de Cloninger (Temperament and Character Inventory, TCI) y la entrevista diagnóstica internacional de los trastornos de la personalidad (International Personality Disorders Examination, IPDE). Los resultados mostraron que puntuaciones bajas en las dimensiones caracteriales auto-dirección y cooperación se asocian con la presencia de TP. Al contrario de lo descrito por Cloninger, puntuaciones altas en la dimensión caracterial autotrascendencia se relacionan significativamente con la presencia de TP. Respecto a las dimensiones temperamentales, el clúster A se relaciona con baja dependencia del refuerzo (DR) y el clúster C con alta evitación del daño (ED). No obstante, en el clúster B, si bien el trastorno límite de la personalidad presenta alta Búsqueda de Novedad (además de alta ED), el trastorno antisocial de la personalidad (TAP) sólo se relaciona con bajas puntuaciones en DR. DR diferencia entre la ausencia o presencia de TAP, incluso considerando la influencia de la dependencia de alcohol. Por todo ello, el modelo de personalidad de Cloninger es útil para definirlos diferentes TP en población drogodependiente, permitiendo agrupar el diagnóstico probable de TP, así como para crear subtipos como el antisocial o tipo II en dependientes de opiáceos(AU)

The aim was to analyze the relationship between Cloninger’s dimensions and Personality Disorders (PD) (with DSM-IV criteria) in opiate dependents. The study was Cross-sectional. The sampling of 196 patients with opiate dependence was consecutive. All were receiving treatment in an inpatient detoxification unit. Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), International Personality Disorders Examination (IPDE)and a Substance Use Questionnaire were used. Character’s dimensions as Self-directness and Cooperation were related with PD when scored low. Opposite to Cloninger descriptions, high scores of Self-transcendence were related with presence of PD. Related to temperamental dimensions, cluster A was related with low scores of Reward Dependence (RD) and cluster C with high scores of Harm Avoidance (HA). Otherwise, in cluster B, while Borderline PD had high scores of Novelty Seeking (as high HA), the Antisocial PD only were related to low scores of RD. RD dimension seems useful to differ from presence or absence of Antisocial PD, also when alcohol consumption is considered. Cloninger’s Model of Personality is useful in drug dependents for the definition of the different PD, as well as for probable PD’s aggregation. This model also helps to create subtypes in opiate dependents as the antisocial or type II(AU)

[Research on etiological aspects of dual pathology]. / Estudio sobre aspectos etiológicos de la patología dual.

INTRODUCTION: It is important to assess the interaction between family psychopathologic history (FH), family dynamics (FD), behavior disorders, substance-use disorders and personality disorders (PD). METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional design. The sample was made up of 350 subjects with substance-use disorders who were assessed for FH including alcoholism and substance-use disorders through an interview; for substance use via a questionnaire; for FD; for PD using the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE); for behavior problems in adolescence; and for disocial disorder. Correlated variables were included in logistic regression models. RESULTS: Early age of onset for substance use is related to FH of substance use disorders and poorer FD. FH of alcoholism, substance-use disorders and psychiatric disorders are related to poorer FD. Early age of onset for substance use, FH and a disruptive FD are related to behavior problems and disocial disorder. Early age of onset for substance use, FH, disruptive FD, behavior problems and disocial disorder are related to presence of PD. Logistic regression predicted the presence of PD by age of onset for use of methadone (CI(95):1.005/3.222; p=0.048) and of other opiates (CI(95):0.864/0.992;p=0.028). FH score in alcoholism predicted Borderline Personality Disorder (CI(95):1.137- 2.942; p=0.013), and age of onset of cocaine use predicted Antisocial Personality Disorder (CI(95):0.864/0.992; p=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: FH of substance use and own use predict the presence of some PDs.

Estudio sobre aspectos etiológicos de la patología dual / Research on etiological aspects of dual pathology

Introducción: Es importante evaluar la interacción entre los antecedentes psicopatológicos familiares (AF), la dinámica familiar (DF), los trastornos de conducta, los trastornos por uso de sustancias y los trastornos de personalidad (TP). Metodología: Estudio transversal con 350 drogodependientes evaluados los AF psiquiátricos, de alcoholismo y de drogodependencias; la DF; consumo de sustancias; y la presencia de TP, los problemas de conducta (PC) en la adolescencia y el trastorno disocial (TD). Las variables correlacionadas fueron incluidas en varios modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: Una edad de inicio en el consumo más temprana se relaciona con AF de drogodependencia y peor DF. Los AF de alcoholismo, drogodependencias y psiquiátricos se relacionan con peor DF. Edad de inicio en el consumo más temprana, los AF y una peor DF se relacionan con los PC y el TD. Edad de inicio en el consumo más temprana, tener AF, una peor DF, los PC y el TD se relacionan con la presencia de algún TP. Permiten predecir la presencia de algún TP la edad de inicio en el consumo de metadona (IC (95):1,005/3,222; p=0,048) y de otros opiáceos (IC(95):0,233/0,894; p=0,022). La puntuación en AF de alcoholismo permite predecir la presencia de TP límite (IC (95):1,137-2,942; p=0,013), y la edad de inicio en el consumo de cocaína permite predecir la presencia de TP antisocial (IC (95):0,864/0,992; p=0,028). Conclusiones: Los AF de consumo de sustancias y el consumo propio, predicen la presencia de algunos TP (AU)

Introduction: It is important to assess the interaction between family psychopathologic history (FH), family dynamics (FD), behavior disorders, substance-use disorders and personality disorders (PD). Methodology: Cross-sectional design. The sample was made up of 350 subjects with substance-use disorders who were assessed for FH including alcoholism and substance-use disorders through an interview; for substance use via a questionnaire; for FD; for PD using the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE); for behavior problems in adolescence; and for dissocial disorder. Correlated variables were included in logistic regression models. Results: Early age of onset for substance use is related to FH of substance use disorders and poorer FD. FH of alcoholism, substance-use disorders and psychiatric disorders are related to poorer FD. Early age of onset for substance use, FH and a disruptive FD are related to behavior problems and disocial disorder. Early age of onset for substance use, FH, disruptive FD, behavior problems and disocial disorder are related to presence of PD. Logistic regression predicted the presence of PD by age of onset for use of methadone(CI(95):1.005/3.222; p=0.048) and of other opiates (CI(95):0.864/0.992;p=0.028).FH score in alcoholism predicted Borderline Personality Disorder (CI(95):1.137-2.942; p=0.013), and age of onset of cocaine use predicted Antisocial Personality Disorder (CI(95):0.864/0.992; p=0.028). Conclusions: FH of substance use and own use predict the presence of some PD (AU)