ABSTRACT
L-Carnitine, a natural antioxidant found in mammals, plays a crucial role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is used as a nutritional supplement by professional athletes, improving performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, its therapeutic applications, including those in male infertility, have been investigated, as it may act as a defense mechanism against the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the testis, a process that can lead to sperm damage. This effect is achieved by enhancing the expression and activity of enzymes with antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the benefits of L-Carnitine remain unknown. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge about the potential benefits of L-Carnitine and its role in male (in)fertility. Considering in vitro studies with Sertoli cells, pre-clinical studies, and investigations involving infertile men, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of L-Carnitine has been established. In vitro studies suggest that L-Carnitine has a direct influence on somatic Sertoli cells, improving the development of germ cells. Overall, evidence supports that L-Carnitine can positively impact male fertility, even at a relatively low dose of 2 g/day. This supplementation enhances sperm parameters, regulates hormone levels, reduces ROS levels, and subsequently improves fertility rates. However, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and establish optimal doses. In conclusion, the role of L-Carnitine in the field of male reproductive health is highlighted, with the potential to improve sperm quality and fertility.
ABSTRACT
A perturbação Gilles de la Tourette é um distúrbio neuropsicológico crónico, que resulta de anomalias ao nível dos neurotransmissores cerebrais. É caracterizada por fenómenos compulsivos, que originam tiques motores e vocais e origina problemas a nível social, emocional e particularmente na adaptação e integração no meio escolar. Este artigo procura promover um melhor conhecimento desta perturbação, da sintomatologia associada e essencialmente elaborar estratégias de intervenção educativa destinadas aos diversos agentes educativos, de modo a promover uma integração escolar e social mais eficiente.
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a neuropsychological condition, caused by multiple disorders in brain neurotransmitters. It is characterized by compulsive phenomena that give rise to motor and vocal tics, resulting in social and emotional problems, especially in integration and adaptation in school. The present article aims to improve knowledge of this disorder, including related symptoms, as well as to develop educational intervention strategies for various educational agents, so as to foster more efficient school and social integration.
