ABSTRACT
Bcl homologs prominently contribute to apoptotic resistance in cancer cells and serve as molecular targets in treatment of various cancers. Herein, we report the synthesis of biphenyl-adamantane derivatives by a ligand free palladium on carbon based Suzuki reaction using diisopropylamine as a base for the coupling of adamantane based aryl chloride with a variety of aryl boronic acids. Among the biphenyl derivatives synthesized, compound 3'-(adamantan-1-yl)-4'-methoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-ol (AMB) displayed cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines without significantly affecting the normal cell lines. Further, AMB caused increased accumulation of the HCC cells in subG1 phase, decreased the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cyclin D1, caspase-3, survivin and increased the cleavage of PARP in a time-dependent manner. In silico molecular interaction studies between Bcl homologs and AMB showed that the biphenyl scaffold is predicted to form π-π interactions with Phe-101 and Tyr-105 and the adamantyl fragment is predicted to occupy another hydrophobic region in the kink region of the binding groove. In summary, we report on the synthesis and biological characterization of adamantyl-tethered biphenylic compounds that induce apoptosis in tumor cells most likely by targeting Bcl homologs.
Subject(s)
Adamantane/chemistry , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism , Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry , Apoptosis/drug effects , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/chemistry , Binding Sites , Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology , Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Molecular Docking Simulation , Protein Structure, TertiaryABSTRACT
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a validated therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In the present study, we synthesize novel adamantanyl-based thiadiazolyl pyrazoles by introducing the adamantane ring to thiazolopyrazoline. On the basis of loss of cell viability in TNBC cells, 4-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-(3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)thiazole (APP) was identified as a lead compound. Using a Parzen-Rosenblatt Window classifier, APP was predicted to target the EGFR protein, and the same was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. Further analysis revealed that APP suppressed the phosphorylation of EGFR at Y992, Y1045, Y1068, Y1086, Y1148, and Y1173 in TNBC cells. APP also inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK at Y204 and of STAT3 at Y705, implying that APP downregulates the activity of EGFR downstream effectors. Small interfering RNA mediated depletion of EGFR expression prevented the effect of APP in BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that APP specifically targets the EGFR. Furthermore, APP modulated the expression of the proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival. In addition, APP altered the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition related proteins and suppressed the invasion of TNBC cells. Hence, we report a novel and specific inhibitor of the EGFR signaling cascade.
ABSTRACT
In this work, we describe the 'green' synthesis of novel 6-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-substituted-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles (AITs) by ring formation reactions using 1-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-bromoethanone and 5-alkyl/aryl-2-amino1,3,4-thiadiazoles on a nano material base in ionic liquid media. Given the established activity of imidazothiadiazoles against M. tuberculosis, we next examined the anti-TB activity of AITs against the H37Rv strain using Alamar blue assay. Among the tested compounds 6-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (3f) showed potent inhibitory activity towards M. tuberculosis with an MIC value of 8.5 µM. The inhibitory effect of this molecule against M. tuberculosis was comparable to the standard drugs such as Pyrazinamide, Streptomycin, and Ciprofloxacin drugs. Mechanistically, an in silico analysis predicted sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) as the likely target and experimental activity of 3f in this system corroborated the in silico target prediction. In summary, we herein report the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel AITs against M. tuberculosis that likely target CYP51 to induce their antimycobacterial activity.
Subject(s)
Adamantane/chemistry , Ionic Liquids/chemistry , Magnesium Oxide/chemistry , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Sterol 14-Demethylase/metabolism , Thiadiazoles/chemistry , Thiadiazoles/pharmacology , Antitubercular Agents/chemical synthesis , Antitubercular Agents/chemistry , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Aspergillus fumigatus/drug effects , Catalysis , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Drug Discovery , Green Chemistry Technology , Models, Molecular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzymology , Nanostructures/chemistry , Protein Conformation , Sterol 14-Demethylase/chemistry , Thiadiazoles/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
Malaria parasites are currently gaining drug-resistance rapidly, across countries and continents. Hence, the discovery and development of novel chemical scaffolds, with superior antimalarial activity remain an important priority, for the developing world. Our report describes the development, characterization and evaluation of novel bepotastine-based sulphonamide antimalarials inhibiting asexual stage development of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in vitro. The screening results showed potent inhibitory activity of a number of novel sulphonamides against P. falciparum at low micromolar concentrations, in particular in late-stage parasite development. Based on computational studies we hypothesize N-myristoyltransferase as the target of the compounds developed here. Our results demonstrate the value of novel bepotastine-based sulphonamide compounds for targeting the asexual developmental stages of P. falciparum.
