An Overview on Macrophage Targeting: A Promising Approach.

Macrophages are immuno cells with high flexibility among hematopoietic system. Macrophages are tangled with many diseases like chronic inflammatory, atherosclerosis, autoimmune, and cancer. Macrophages play a major role in developing the inflammation and meanwhile resolving the damage occurred during these disease conditions. Therefore, the use of macrophages in targeted drug delivery appeared to be a promising approach in modifying the microenvironment of inflammatory diseases. The macrophages with cellular backpacks loaded with drugs were appeared to be the effective drug transporter to the brain inflammation. Till date, among the different carrier systems emerged among macrophage targeting: liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, and dendrimers were extensively studied. The physicochemical properties like components, lipophilicity, hydrophilicity, ligand presence, and concentration of these carriers may vary the efficacy and specificity of drug targeting to macrophages. The present review provides an insight into M1 and M2 macrophages characteristics, mainly discussed the role of macrophages in regulating several inflammatory diseases. This article underlines the current status and application of different carriers for targeted drug delivery to macrophages along with their efficacy and specificity. In general, the targeted drug delivery was achieved using the carrier systems by removing the intrinsic pathway and bio protection which is offered to the therapeutic molecules. Further, the review also summarizes the newer approaches for macrophage targeting with a brief overview on recent advances and future prospects.

Forced Degradation Study of Zanubrutinib: An LC-PDA and LC-MS Approach.

Zanubrutinib is an unfamiliar second generation selective Brutson's Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor used to treat mantle cell lymphoma. In the present analysis, a new, stability indicating reverse-phase, high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of Zanubrutinib succeeding degradation studies as pert the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The chromatographic separation of Zanubrutinib was achieved in a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5-µm particle size) using a mobile phase of Acetonitrile: 0.1% Tri Ethyl Amine (65:35 v/v) monitored at 219 nm. The forced degradation studies were conducted by exposing the analyte to acidic, alkaline and neutral hydrolysis, oxidative, reductive, photolytic, and thermal stress conditions and the degradation behavior was studied. The analyte showed degradation under acidic, alkaline, oxidative and reductive stress conditions with additional peaks but, it was stable under neutral, photolytic and thermal stress conditions. The developed method was extended to triple quadruple mass spectrometry to characterize degradation products and to study the fragmentation pattern. Total four degradants were characterized including DP1 in acid &base hydrolysis, DP2 in oxidative and DP3, DP4 in reductive stress condition. As no substantial method was available for quantification of Zanubrutinib and to characterize zanubrutinib degradants, this method can be used for regular analysis in quality control labs.

Assessment of Circulating Biomarkers in Relation to Various Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients-A Cross Sectional Study.

AIM: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between inflammatory markers, and diabetic retinopathy in type II diabetic patients. METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional study included 150 type 2 diabetic patients who were divided into 3 groups. 50 in each group are divided as Diabetic patients without retinopathy (DM, n=50), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy patients (NPDR, n=50), proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients (PDR, n=50). All the patients were subjected to complete clinical examination and laboratory investigations, such as fasting and postprandial blood glucose, serum creatinine, lipid profile tests, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, serum inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, C-reactive protein) and serum VEGF. RESULTS: The study revealed from the multivariate analysis that age, duration and WHR (waist-hip ratio) are potent risk factors responsible for the risk of Diabetic retinopathy. Similarly, serum creatinine, CRP, TNF- alpha and VEGF are significantly higher in diabetic patients with retinopathy compared to diabetic patients without retinopathy. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that inflammation was associated with severe diabetic retinopathy in patients with well-controlled diabetes. A possible relationship was provided between the risk factors and biomarkers which are responsible for Diabetic retinopathy. Hence, modifying the risk factors risk and development of severe diabetic retinopathy can be reduced.

Effect of wheat grass powder on aluminum induced Alzheimer's disease in Wistar rats.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the effect of wheat grass on aluminum induced Alzheimer's disease in Wistar rats. METHODS: Memory impairment was induced by aluminum chloride (4.2 mg/kg, i.p.) for 28 d. Memory function was assessed by Morris water maze test. To study the activity of wheat grass (100 mg/kg, p.o.), Wistar rats were administered it for 28 d along with aluminum chloride. Biochemical parameters of oxidative stress were estimated in brain after the treatment. RESULTS: The major finding of this study is that aluminum enhanced oxidative stress. Wheat grass showed a significant improvement in reduction of this oxidative stress by reduction of malondialdehyde levels and enhancement of superoxide dismutase and catalase levels. CONCLUSIONS: The present study clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of wheat grass that shows good antioxidant properties, and this remarkable effect of wheat grass may act as a key to treat Alzheimer's disease.