Apiospora arundinis, a panoply of carbohydrate-active enzymes and secondary metabolites.

The Apiospora genus comprises filamentous fungi with promising potential, though its full capabilities remain undiscovered. In this study, we present the first genome assembly of an Apiospora arundinis isolate, demonstrating a highly complete and contiguous assembly estimated to 48.8 Mb, with an N99 of 3.0 Mb. Our analysis predicted a total of 15,725 genes, with functional annotations for 13,619 of them, revealing a fungus capable of producing very high amounts of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and secondary metabolites. Through transcriptomic analysis, we observed differential gene expression in response to varying growth media, with several genes related to carbohydrate metabolism showing significant upregulation when the fungus was cultivated on a hay-based medium. Finally, our metabolomic analysis unveiled a fungus capable of producing a diverse array of metabolites.

Mechanistic studies of isomeric [2]rotaxanes consisting of two different tetrathiafulvalene units reveal that the movement of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) can be controlled.

Controlling the movement in artificial molecular machines is a key challenge that needs to be solved before their full potential can be harnessed. In this study, two isomeric tri-stable [2]rotaxanes 1·4PF6 and 2·4PF6 incorporating both a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and a monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene (MPTTF) unit in the dumbbell component have been synthesised to measure the energy barriers when the tetracationic cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) ring moves across either a TTF2+ or an MPTTF2+ dication. By strategically exchanging one of the thiomethyl barriers on either the TTF unit or the MPTTF unit with the bulkier thioethyl group, the movement of the CBPQT4+ ring in 14+ and 24+ can be controlled to take place in only one direction upon tetra-oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to investigate the switching mechanism and it was found that upon tetra-oxidation of 14+ and 24+, the CBPQT4+ ring moves first to a position where it is located between the TTF2+ and MPTTF2+ dications producing high-energy co-conformations which slowly interconvert into thermodynamically more stable co-conformations. The kinetics of the movement occurring in the tetra-oxidised [2]rotaxanes 18+ and 28+ were studied at different temperatures allowing the free energy of the transition state, when CBPQT4+ moves across TTF2+ (21.5 kcal mol-1) and MPTTF2+ (20.3 kcal mol-1) at 298 K, to be determined. These results demonstrate for the first time that the combination of a TTF and an MPTTF unit can be used to induce directional movement of the CBPQT4+ ring in molecular machines with a 90% efficiency.

Cyberlindnera jadinii and Kluyveromyces lactis, two fungi used in food processes, have potential probiotic effects on gut inflammation.

IMPORTANCE: The food industry has always used many strains of microorganisms including fungi in their production processes. These strains have been widely characterized for their biotechnological value, but we still know very little about their interaction capacities with the host at a time when the intestinal microbiota is at the center of many pathologies. In this study, we characterized five yeast strains from food production which allowed us to identify two new strains with high probiotic potential and beneficial effects in a model of intestinal inflammation.

Electrocatalysis of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction by Copper Complexes with Tetradentate Tripodal Ligands.

The tetradentate tripodal ligand scaffold is capable of supporting the expected geometries of the copper ion during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis. As such, we probed the reactivity of copper complexes with these types of ligands by electronically and structurally tweaking the tris(pyridin 2-ylmethyl)amine (tmpa) scaffold by progressively replacing the terminal pyridines with carboxylate donors. This work shows that systems with one carboxylato donor (bpg = bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)glycine), (bpp = (3-(bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)propanoic acid)) are active in electrocatalyzing the homogeneous ORR under circumneutral aqueous conditions. Turnover frequencies in the range from 105 to 106 s-1, on par with that for Cu-tmpa under identical conditions, were obtained. It is noteworthy that the CuII/CuI redox potentials for the Cu-bpg, Cu-bpp, and Cu-tmpa systems in phosphate-buffered water (pH 7, under Ar) are similar at -0.409, -0.375, and -0.401 V vs Ag/AgCl, respectively. This is rationalized by the influence of the Lewis acidity of the copper ions on the water coligand. Corroborating this are pKa values for [Cu(tmpa)(H2O)]2+, Cu(bpg)(H2O)]+, and [Cu(bpp)(H2O)]+ of 6.6, 8.8, and 10.2, respectively. Thus, the overall charge of the solution species for all three complexes will be +1 at pH 7 and this will be an important determinant for the redox potentials and, in turn, the catalytic overpotentials, which are also similar. A cis carboxylato donor offers H-bonding possibilities for exogenous resting state water and intermediate hydroperoxo coligands. This is reflected by the higher pKa values for Cu-bpp and Cu-bpg compared with that for Cu-tmpa, with the Cu-bpp system furnishing the least strained H-bonding.

Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 supplementation during and after antibiotic treatment positively influences the bacterial gut microbiota.

Introduction: Antibiotic effects on gut bacteria have been widely studied, but very little is known about the consequences of such treatments on the mycobiota, the fungal part of the microbiota and how the length of administration influences both microbiota. Here, we examined the effect of antibiotics (ATB) on the composition of bacterial and fungal microbiota and how the administration of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 influences both microbiota. Methods: In order to get closer to the human microbiota, the mice used in this study were subjected to fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) using human feces and subsequently called human microbiotaassociated (HMA) mice. These mice were then treated with amoxicillinclavulanate antibiotics and supplemented with S. boulardii during and after ATB treatment to understand the effect of the yeast probiotic on both bacterial and fungal microbiota. Bacterial and fungal microbiota analyses were done using 16S and ITS2 rRNA amplicon-based sequencing. Results: We showed that the administration of S. boulardii during ATB treatment had very limited effect on the fungal populations on the long term, once the yeast probiotic has been cleared from the gut. Concerning bacterial microbiota, S. boulardii administration allowed a better recovery of bacterial populations after the end of the ATB treatment period. Additionally, 16S and ITS2 rRNA sequence analysis revealed that 7 additional days of S. boulardii administration (17 days in total) enhanced the return of the initial bacterial equilibrium. Discussion: In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of how probiotic yeast administration can influence the fungal and bacterial microbiota in a model of broad-spectrum antibiotherapy.

Sulfonamido-Pincer Complexes of Cu(II) and the Electrocatalysis of O2 Reduction.

Heteroleptic copper complexes of an asymmetrical pincer ligand containing a central anionic sulfonamide donor (pyridine-2-yl-sulfonyl)(quinolin-8-yl)-amide (psq), which contains a central anionic sulfonamido donor have been prepared. Meridional κ3-N,N″,N‴ binding with the co-ligands acetate, chloride, or acetonitrile (MeCN), trans to the central sulfonamido N-donor, is revealed by the X-ray crystal structures of [Cu(OAc)(psq)(H2O)], [CuCl(psq)]2, and [Cu(psq)(MeCN)](PF6). Either overall distorted square pyramidal or octahedral geometries of the copper atom are satisfied by coordinated water in the case of the acetate complex or interactions with periphery sulfonamido oxygen atoms on adjacent molecules in the dimeric chloride and 1D polymeric acetonitrile complexes. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of [Cu(OAc)(psq)(H2O)] shows a quasi-reversible CuII/CuI reduction at -0.930 V (vs Fc+/Fc0, MeCN), and an irreversible CuII/CuI reduction for [Cu(psq)(MeCN)](PF6) is seen at -0.838 V. This signal is split into two quasi-reversible redox processes on the addition of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). This suggests that TFE pushes a solution equilibrium toward a dimeric acetate complex analogous to [CuCl(psq)]2, which shows two quasi-reversible waves at -0.666 V and -0.904 V vs Fc+/Fc0 consistent with its dimeric solid-state structure. A comparison of the CVs of [Cu(OAc)(psq)(H2O)] under either a N2 or an O2 atmosphere revealed that this complex catalyzes turnover electro-reduction of O2 to H2O2 and H2O. The rate of reaction increases on addition of a weak organic acid, and a coulombic efficiency of 48% for H2O2 was determined by iodometric titration. We propose that a CuI complex formed on electroreduction binds O2 to yield an intermediate superoxide complex. On electron and proton transfer to this species, a bifurcated route back to the O2-activating CuI complex is feasible with either release of H2O2 or O-O cleavage resulting in the liberation of H2O. The CuI complex is regenerated by subsequent reduction and protonation to close the cycle.

Effects of a wholegrain-rich diet on markers of colonic fermentation and bowel function and their associations with the gut microbiome: a randomised controlled cross-over trial.

Background: Diets rich in whole grains are associated with health benefits. Yet, it remains unclear whether the benefits are mediated by changes in gut function and fermentation. Objective: We explored the effects of whole-grain vs. refined-grain diets on markers of colonic fermentation and bowel function, as well as their associations with the gut microbiome. Methods: Fifty overweight individuals with increased metabolic risk and a high habitual intake of whole grains (~69 g/day) completed a randomised cross-over trial with two 8-week dietary intervention periods comprising a whole-grain diet (≥75 g/day) and a refined-grain diet (<10 g/day), separated by a washout period of ≥6 weeks. A range of markers of colonic fermentation and bowel function were assessed before and after each intervention. Results: The whole-grain diet increased the levels of faecal butyrate (p = 0.015) and caproate (p = 0.013) compared to the refined-grain diet. No changes in other faecal SCFA, BCFA or urinary levels of microbial-derived proteolytic markers between the two interventions were observed. Similarly, faecal pH remained unchanged. Faecal pH did however increase (p = 0.030) after the refined-grain diet compared to the baseline. Stool frequency was lower at the end of the refined-grain period compared to the end of the whole-grain diet (p = 0.001). No difference in faecal water content was observed between the intervention periods, however, faecal water content increased following the whole-grain period compared to the baseline (p = 0.007). Dry stool energy density was unaffected by the dietary interventions. Nevertheless, it explained 4.7% of the gut microbiome variation at the end of the refined-grain diet, while faecal pH and colonic transit time explained 4.3 and 5%, respectively. Several butyrate-producers (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Butyriciococcus) were inversely associated with colonic transit time and/or faecal pH, while the mucin-degraders Akkermansia and Ruminococcaceae showed the opposite association. Conclusion: Compared with the refined-grain diet, the whole-grain diet increased faecal butyrate and caproate concentrations as well as stool frequency, emphasising that differences between whole and refined grains affect both colonic fermentation and bowel habits.

Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from atopic or healthy skin have opposite effect on skin cells: potential implication of the AHR pathway modulation.

Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal bacterium ubiquitously present on human skin. This species is considered as a key member of the healthy skin microbiota, involved in the defense against pathogens, modulating the immune system, and involved in wound repair. Simultaneously, S. epidermidis is the second cause of nosocomial infections and an overgrowth of S. epidermidis has been described in skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis. Diverse isolates of S. epidermidis co-exist on the skin. Elucidating the genetic and phenotypic specificities of these species in skin health and disease is key to better understand their role in various skin conditions. Additionally, the exact mechanisms by which commensals interact with host cells is partially understood. We hypothesized that S. epidermidis isolates identified from different skin origins could play distinct roles on skin differentiation and that these effects could be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. Methods: For this purpose, a library of 12 strains originated from healthy skin (non-hyperseborrheic (NH) and hyperseborrheic (H) skin types) and disease skin (atopic (AD) skin type) was characterized at the genomic and phenotypic levels. Results and discussion: Here we showed that strains from atopic lesional skin alter the epidermis structure of a 3D reconstructed skin model whereas strains from NH healthy skin do not. All strains from NH healthy skin induced AhR/OVOL1 path and produced high quantities of indole metabolites in co-culture with NHEK; especially indole-3-aldehyde (IAld) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA); while AD strains did not induce AhR/OVOL1 path but its inhibitor STAT6 and produced the lowest levels of indoles as compared to the other strains. As a consequence, strains from AD skin altered the differentiation markers FLG and DSG1. The results presented here, on a library of 12 strains, showed that S. epidermidis originated from NH healthy skin and atopic skin have opposite effects on the epidermal cohesion and structure and that these differences could be linked to their capacity to produce metabolites, which in turn could activate AHR pathway. Our results on a specific library of strains provide new insights into how S. epidermidis may interact with the skin to promote health or disease.

Projections of the insular cortex to orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortex: A tracing study in the rat.

The dense fiber pathways that connect the insular cortex with frontal cortices are thought to provide these frontal areas with interoceptive information, crucial for their involvement in executive functions. Using anterograde neuroanatomical tracing, we mapped the detailed organization of the projections from the rat insular cortex to its targets in orbitofrontal (OFC) and medial prefrontal (mPFC) cortex. In OFC, main insular projections distribute to lateral and medial parts, avoiding ventral parts. Whereas projections from the primary gustatory cortex densely innervate dorsolateral OFC, likely corresponding to what in primates is known as the secondary gustatory cortex, these projections avoid mPFC. Instead, mPFC is targeted almost exclusively by projections from agranular fields of the insular cortex. Finally, "parietal" domains of the insular cortex project specifically to the dorsolateral OFC, and strongly innervate ventral portions of mPFC, i.e., the dorsal peduncular cortex.

Evaluating the energy landscape of an out-of-equilibrium bistable [2]rotaxane containing monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene.

The unique redox properties of monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene can be used to induce directional movement in interlocked molecules. In this study, the kinetics for the directional movement of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) across the dioxidised monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene in a [2]rotaxane is quantified by time-resolved 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Cerebral Oximetry Monitoring in Extremely Preterm Infants.

BACKGROUND: The use of cerebral oximetry monitoring in the care of extremely preterm infants is increasing. However, evidence that its use improves clinical outcomes is lacking. METHODS: In this randomized, phase 3 trial conducted at 70 sites in 17 countries, we assigned extremely preterm infants (gestational age, <28 weeks), within 6 hours after birth, to receive treatment guided by cerebral oximetry monitoring for the first 72 hours after birth or to receive usual care. The primary outcome was a composite of death or severe brain injury on cerebral ultrasonography at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Serious adverse events that were assessed were death, severe brain injury, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, and late-onset sepsis. RESULTS: A total of 1601 infants underwent randomization and 1579 (98.6%) were evaluated for the primary outcome. At 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, death or severe brain injury had occurred in 272 of 772 infants (35.2%) in the cerebral oximetry group, as compared with 274 of 807 infants (34.0%) in the usual-care group (relative risk with cerebral oximetry, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.90 to 1.18; P = 0.64). The incidence of serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In extremely preterm infants, treatment guided by cerebral oximetry monitoring for the first 72 hours after birth was not associated with a lower incidence of death or severe brain injury at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age than usual care. (Funded by the Elsass Foundation and others; SafeBoosC-III ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03770741.).

Antibiotic treatment using amoxicillin-clavulanic acid impairs gut mycobiota development through modification of the bacterial ecosystem.

BACKGROUND: Effects of antibiotics on gut bacteria have been widely studied, but very little is known about the consequences of such treatments on the fungal microbiota (mycobiota). It is commonly believed that fungal load increases in the gastrointestinal tract following antibiotic treatment, but better characterization is clearly needed of how antibiotics directly or indirectly affect the mycobiota and thus the entire microbiota. DESIGN: We used samples from humans (infant cohort) and mice (conventional and human microbiota-associated mice) to study the consequences of antibiotic treatment (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid) on the intestinal microbiota. Bacterial and fungal communities were subjected to qPCR or 16S and ITS2 amplicon-based sequencing for microbiota analysis. In vitro assays further characterized bacterial-fungal interactions, with mixed cultures between specific bacteria and fungi. RESULTS: Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment triggered a decrease in the total fungal population in mouse feces, while other antibiotics had opposite effects on the fungal load. This decrease is accompanied by a total remodelling of the fungal population with the enrichment in Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Valsa genera. In the presence of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, microbiota analysis showed a remodeling of bacterial microbiota with an increase in specific bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae. Using in vitro assays, we isolated different Enterobacteriaceae species and explored their effect on different fungal strains. We showed that Enterobacter hormaechei was able to reduce the fungal population in vitro and in vivo through yet unknown mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteria and fungi have strong interactions within the microbiota; hence, the perturbation initiated by an antibiotic treatment targeting the bacterial community can have complex consequences and can induce opposite alterations of the mycobiota. Interestingly, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment has a deleterious effect on the fungal community, which may have been partially due to the overgrowth of specific bacterial strains with inhibiting or competing effects on fungi. This study provides new insights into the interactions between fungi and bacteria of the intestinal microbiota and might offer new strategies to modulate gut microbiota equilibrium. Video Abstract.

Inulin prebiotic reinforces host cancer immunosurveillance via ɣδ T cell activation.

The gut microbiota is now recognized as a key parameter affecting the host's anti-cancer immunosurveillance and ability to respond to immunotherapy. Therefore, optimal modulation for preventive and therapeutic purposes is very appealing. Diet is one of the most potent modulators of microbiota, and thus nutritional intervention could be exploited to improve host anti-cancer immunity. Here, we show that an inulin-enriched diet, a prebiotic known to promote immunostimulatory bacteria, triggers an enhanced Th1-polarized CD4+ and CD8+ αß T cell-mediated anti-tumor response and attenuates tumor growth in three preclinical tumor-bearing mouse models. We highlighted that the inulin-mediated anti-tumor effect relies on the activation of both intestinal and tumor-infiltrating ɣδ T cells that are indispensable for αß T cell activation and subsequent tumor growth control, in a microbiota-dependent manner. Overall, our data identified these cells as a critical immune subset, mandatory for inulin-mediated anti-tumor immunity in vivo, further supporting and rationalizing the use of such prebiotic approaches, as well as the development of immunotherapies targeting ɣδ T cells in cancer prevention and immunotherapy.

Rewiring the altered tryptophan metabolism as a novel therapeutic strategy in inflammatory bowel diseases.

OBJECTIVE: The extent to which tryptophan (Trp) metabolism alterations explain or influence the outcome of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is still unclear. However, several Trp metabolism end-products are essential to intestinal homeostasis. Here, we investigated the role of metabolites from the kynurenine pathway. DESIGN: Targeted quantitative metabolomics was performed in two large human IBD cohorts (1069 patients with IBD). Dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis experiments in mice were used to evaluate effects of identified metabolites. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments were used to decipher mechanisms involved. Effects on energy metabolism were evaluated by different methods including Single Cell mEtabolism by profiling Translation inHibition. RESULTS: In mice and humans, intestinal inflammation severity negatively correlates with the amount of xanthurenic (XANA) and kynurenic (KYNA) acids. Supplementation with XANA or KYNA decreases colitis severity through effects on intestinal epithelial cells and T cells, involving Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) activation and the rewiring of cellular energy metabolism. Furthermore, direct modulation of the endogenous tryptophan metabolism, using the recombinant enzyme aminoadipate aminotransferase (AADAT), responsible for the generation of XANA and KYNA, was protective in rodent colitis models. CONCLUSION: Our study identified a new mechanism linking Trp metabolism to intestinal inflammation and IBD. Bringing back XANA and KYNA has protective effects involving AhR and the rewiring of the energy metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells and CD4+ T cells. This study paves the way for new therapeutic strategies aiming at pharmacologically correcting its alterations in IBD by manipulating the endogenous metabolic pathway with AADAT.

Sex differences in lymphoma incidence and mortality by subtype: A population-based study.

It is well established that the male sex is associated with increased risk for, as well as poorer survival of, most cancers. A similar pattern has been described in lymphomas but has not yet been comprehensively assessed. In this nationwide population-based cohort study, we used the Swedish Lymphoma Register to investigate sex differences in lymphoma subtype incidence and excess mortality in adults (age 18-99) diagnosed in 2000-2019. Male-to-female incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and excess mortality ratios (EMRs) adjusted for age and calendar year were predicted using Poisson regression. We identified 36 795 lymphoma cases, 20 738 (56.4%) in men and 16 057 (43.6%) in women. Men were at significantly higher risk of 14 out of 16 lymphoma subtypes with IRRs ranging from 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.22) in follicular lymphoma to 5.95 (95% CI 4.89-7.24) in hairy cell leukemia. EMRs >1 were seen in 13 out of 16 lymphoma subtypes indicating higher mortality in men, although only statistically significant for classical Hodgkin lymphoma 1.26 (95% CI 1.04-1.54), aggressive lymphoma not otherwise specified 1.29 (95% CI 1.08-1.55), and small lymphocytic lymphoma 1.52 (95% CI 1.11-2.07). A corresponding analysis using data from the Danish Lymphoma Register was performed with comparable results. In conclusion, we demonstrate a significantly higher incidence and trend toward higher mortality in men for most lymphoma subtypes. Future studies with large patient material that include detailed clinicopathological prognostic factors are warranted to further delineate and explain sex differences in lymphoma survival to enable optimal management of lymphoma patients regardless of sex.

CARD9 in neutrophils protects from colitis and controls mitochondrial metabolism and cell survival.

OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from a combination of genetic predisposition, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and environmental factors, leading to alterations in the gastrointestinal immune response and chronic inflammation. Caspase recruitment domain 9 (Card9), one of the IBD susceptibility genes, has been shown to protect against intestinal inflammation and fungal infection. However, the cell types and mechanisms involved in the CARD9 protective role against inflammation remain unknown. DESIGN: We used dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced and adoptive transfer colitis models in total and conditional CARD9 knock-out mice to uncover which cell types play a role in the CARD9 protective phenotype. The impact of Card9 deletion on neutrophil function was assessed by an in vivo model of fungal infection and various functional assays, including endpoint dilution assay, apoptosis assay by flow cytometry, proteomics and real-time bioenergetic profile analysis (Seahorse). RESULTS: Lymphocytes are not intrinsically involved in the CARD9 protective role against colitis. CARD9 expression in neutrophils, but not in epithelial or CD11c+cells, protects against DSS-induced colitis. In the absence of CARD9, mitochondrial dysfunction increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production leading to the premature death of neutrophilsthrough apoptosis, especially in oxidative environment. The decreased functional neutrophils in tissues might explain the impaired containment of fungi and increased susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSION: These results provide new insight into the role of CARD9 in neutrophil mitochondrial function and its involvement in intestinal inflammation, paving the way for new therapeutic strategies targeting neutrophils.

Stool energy density is positively correlated to intestinal transit time and related to microbial enterotypes.

BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesised that the gut microbiota causally affects obesity via its capacity to extract energy from the diet. Yet, evidence elucidating the role of particular human microbial community structures and determinants of microbiota-dependent energy harvest is lacking. RESULTS: Here, we investigated whether energy extraction from the diet in 85 overweight adults, estimated by dry stool energy density, was associated with intestinal transit time and variations in microbial community diversity and overall structure stratified as enterotypes. We hypothesised that a slower intestinal transit would allow for more energy extraction. However, opposite of what we expected, the stool energy density was positively associated with intestinal transit time. Stratifications into enterotypes showed that individuals with a Bacteroides enterotype (B-type) had significantly lower stool energy density, shorter intestinal transit times, and lower alpha-diversity compared to individuals with a Ruminococcaceae enterotype (R-type). The Prevotella (P-type) individuals appeared in between the B- and R-type. The differences in stool energy density between enterotypes were not explained by differences in habitual diet, intake of dietary fibre or faecal bacterial cell counts. However, the R-type individuals showed higher urinary and faecal levels of microbial-derived proteolytic metabolites compared to the B-type, suggesting increased colonic proteolysis in the R-type individuals. This could imply a less effective colonic energy extraction in the R-type individuals compared to the B-type individuals. Notably, the R-type had significantly lower body weight compared to the B-type. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that gut microbial energy harvest is diversified among individuals by intestinal transit time and associated gut microbiome ecosystem variations. A better understanding of these associations could support the development of personalised nutrition and improved weight-loss strategies. Video Abstract.

The ileal fungal microbiota is altered in Crohn's disease and is associated with the disease course.

Introduction: Fungal microbiota's involvement in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) is incompletely understood. The terminal ileum is a predilection site both for primary involvement and recurrences of CD. We, therefore, assessed the mucosa-associated mycobiota in the inflamed and non-inflamed ileum in patients with CD. Methods: The mucosa-associated mycobiota was assessed by ITS2 sequencing in a total of 168 biopsies sampled 5 and 15 cm proximal of the ileocecal valve or ileocolic anastomosis in 44 CD patients and 40 healthy controls (HC). CD patients with terminal ileitis, with endoscopic inflammation at 5 cm and normal mucosa at 15 cm and no history of upper CD involvement, were analyzed separately. The need for additional CD treatment the year following biopsy collection was recorded. Results: CD patients had reduced mycobiota evenness, increased Basidiomycota/Ascomycota ratio, and reduced abundance of Chytridiomycota compared to HC. The mycobiota of CD patients were characterized by an expansion of Malassezia and a depletion of Saccharomyces, along with increased abundances of Candida albicans and Malassezia restricta. Malassezia was associated with the need for treatment escalation during follow-up. Current anti-TNF treatment was associated with lower abundances of Basidiomycota. The alpha diversity of the inflamed and proximal non-inflamed mucosa within the same patients was similar. However, the inflamed mucosa had a more dysbiotic composition with increased abundances of Candida sake and reduced abundances of Exophiala equina and Debaryomyces hansenii. Conclusions: The ileal mucosa-associated mycobiota in CD patients is altered compared to HC. The mycobiota in the inflamed and proximal non-inflamed ileum within the same patients harbor structural differences which may play a role in the CD pathogenesis. Increased abundance of Malassezia was associated with an unfavorable disease course.

Collateral rostral thalamic projections to prelimbic, infralimbic, anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices in the rat brain.

As the functional properties of a cortical area partly reflect its thalamic inputs, the present study compared collateral projections arising from various rostral thalamic nuclei that terminate across prefrontal (including anterior cingulate) and retrosplenial areas in the rat brain. Two retrograde tracers, fast blue and cholera toxin B, were injected in pairs to different combinations of cortical areas. The research focused on the individual anterior thalamic nuclei, including the interanteromedial nucleus, nucleus reuniens and the laterodorsal nucleus. Of the principal anterior thalamic nuclei, only the anteromedial nucleus contained neurons reaching both the anterior cingulate cortex and adjacent cortical areas (prefrontal or retrosplenial), though the numbers were modest. For these same cortical pairings (medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate and anterior cingulate/retrosplenial), the interanteromedial nucleus and nucleus reuniens contained slightly higher proportions of bifurcating neurons (up to 11% of labelled cells). A contrasting picture was seen for collaterals reaching different areas within retrosplenial cortex. Here, the anterodorsal nucleus, typically provided the greatest proportion of bifurcating neurons (up to 15% of labelled cells). While individual neurons that terminate in different retrosplenial areas were also found in the other thalamic nuclei, they were infrequent. Consequently, these thalamo-cortical projections predominantly arise from separate populations of neurons with discrete cortical termination zones, consistent with the transmission of segregated information and influence. Overall, two contrasting medial-lateral patterns of collateral projections emerged, with more midline nuclei, for example, nucleus reuniens and the interoanteromedial nucleus innervating prefrontal areas, while more dorsal and lateral anterior thalamic collaterals innervated retrosplenial cortex.

Spatial heterogeneity affects predictions from early-curve fitting of pandemic outbreaks: a case study using population data from Denmark.

The modelling of pandemics has become a critical aspect in modern society. Even though artificial intelligence can help the forecast, the implementation of ordinary differential equations which estimate the time development in the number of susceptible, (exposed), infected and recovered (SIR/SEIR) individuals is still important in order to understand the stage of the pandemic. These models are based on simplified assumptions which constitute approximations, but to what extent this are erroneous is not understood since many factors can affect the development. In this paper, we introduce an agent-based model including spatial clustering and heterogeneities in connectivity and infection strength. Based on Danish population data, we estimate how this impacts the early prediction of a pandemic and compare this to the long-term development. Our results show that early phase SEIR model predictions overestimate the peak number of infected and the equilibrium level by at least a factor of two. These results are robust to variations of parameters influencing connection distances and independent of the distribution of infection rates.