ABSTRACT
Glucose-free dialysate has been traditionally used in patients on chronic hemodialysis, reportedly without any side effects. Although hypoglycemia is not produced, several other metabolic changes must occur to maintain the euglycemic state. We studied ten patients on chronic hemodialysis using both a glucose-free bath and a glucose bath. Without glucose, a drop in osmolality of 20 mosm/kg H2O occurred, whereas a change of only 10 mosm/kg H2O was observed using a glucose bath. Abnormal EEG changes were observed after dialysis without glucose that were not present or were minimal with a glucose bath.
Subject(s)
Glucose/pharmacology , Renal Dialysis , Adult , Aged , Analysis of Variance , Body Weight , Clinical Trials as Topic , Electroencephalography , Electrolytes/administration & dosage , Electrolytes/blood , Growth Hormone/blood , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Osmolar Concentration , Osmotic Pressure , Random Allocation , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Long-term control of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand, was obtained by 2 thorough applications of fenitrothion mist applied at a target dosage rate of 0.1 ml per m(3) of room space. Perfect control lasted for 6-7 months after treatment and densities were substantially reduced for up to a year after treatment. Recovery of the population was still slow up to almost 16 months after treatment. This degree of control was achieved by the immediate mortalities produced by 2 treatments spaced about 2 weeks apart, the larvicidal effect of the fenitrothion aerosol, and a limited residual effect that prevented oviposition for a period, so that the recovery potential was greatly diminished. It appears that aerosol and mist treatments designed as epidemic control measures can be adapted to long-term preventive control of A. aegypti. However, the equipment used and the method of application require further improvement.
Subject(s)
Aedes , Fenitrothion/administration & dosage , Mosquito Control/methods , Aerosols , ThailandSubject(s)
Aedes , Fenitrothion , Malathion , Mosquito Control , Aerosols , Biological Assay , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Pesticide Residues , Thailand , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
A trial was carried out of the efficacy of fenitrothion ultra-low-volume aerosol applied by vehicle-mounted cold aerosol generator for the control of Aedes aegypti. Five applications of fenitrothion at intervals of 11-49 days at dosages of 511-1 095 ml/ha gave sustained control for 4-5 months in an area of some 14 ha containing 1 300 houses. Immediate killing of adult mosquitos and some larvicidal effect interrupted oviposition and retarded the recovery of the mosquito population. Sequential treatments applied in advance can evidently suppress the population throughout the rainy season, when epidemics of dengue haemorrhagic fever occur, and have operational advantages over larvicidal treatment. The Culex pipiens fatigans population was suppressed for only a few days after each treatment.
Subject(s)
Aedes/drug effects , Fenitrothion/administration & dosage , Mosquito Control , Aerosols , Animals , Culex/drug effects , Dengue/prevention & control , Female , Fenitrothion/pharmacology , Humans , Insect Vectors , Larva/drug effects , Methods , Oviposition/drug effects , Thailand , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Aedes/drug effects , Fenitrothion/administration & dosage , Mosquito Control , Methods , Time Factors , ThailandABSTRACT
The efficacy of malathion aerosols applied from the ground was evaluated for the control of Ae. aegypti. Several techniques for applying the aerosols to an inhabited locality were investigated, and it was found that excellent control of adult mosquitos could be obtained with a dosage of 438 ml/ha. Two treatments carried out 3 days apart enabled the adult mosquito population to be reduced by 99%, and it took about 2 weeks to regain its pretreatment level. Schedules of treatment and strategies to be applied during an epidemic are discussed.
