A Comparative Evaluation of Xylitol Chewing Gum and a Combination of IgY + Xylitol Chewable Tablet on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Count in Children: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Aim: The study was designed for evaluation and comparison of the efficacy of Xylitol chewing gum and a combination of IgY + Xylitol chewable tablet (Nodecay TM) against the "salivary Streptococcus mutans " count in children. Materials and methods: About 120 children belonging to 6-12 years age-group were enrolled into this "double-blind randomized control clinical trial" according to the selection criteria. They were randomly assigned to three groups of 40 each: Group I-Xylitol chewing gum, Group II-IgY + Xylitol Chewable tablet (Nodecay TM), and Group III-Control. Children in all the groups had to chew the gum/tablet twice daily for 5 minutes during the 15-day period. The salivary samples at baseline, 15 days, 1, 2, and 3 months were inoculated on mitis salivarius bacitracin agar with potassium tellurite medium and the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of Streptococcus mutans were determined. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Result: There was a "significant" difference in the number of "S. mutans CFUs" amongst the three groups at 15 days, 1st month, 2nd month, 3rd month with highest levels of S. mutans CFUs in Group III-Control and least in Group II-IgY + Xylitol (NodecayTM). Conclusion: The combination of IgY + Xylitol (NodecayTM) when administered for 15 days had significant efficacy against "S. mutans" when compared to Xylitol and control group. Clinical significance: Passive immunization with immunoglobulin Y is known not only to decrease the S. mutans count but also confers extended immunity by preventing recolonization of the tooth surface by persistence of the antibodies in saliva. How to cite this article: Jain RL, Tandon S, Rai TS, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Xylitol Chewing Gum and a Combination of IgY + Xylitol Chewable Tablet on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Count in Children: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S212-S220.

Comparative Study of Dental Health Status and Its Determinants among Children Attending Government and Private Schools in Kanpur City.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis and its relation to various determinants like dietary habits, habits related to oral health, and oral hygiene practice among private and government school children of age 6-12 years in Kanpur City. A total of 1,550 children (775 from government school and 775 from private school) were selected. Overall, 60% children presented with caries. Prevalence of caries was significantly more associated with government school children (63.1%) compared with private school children (56.9%). The mean deft scores were high in government school children (1.08 ± 1.91) compared with private school children (0.93 ± 1.53). This was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The DMFT scores were also high among government school children (0.84 ± 1.25) compared with private school children (0.67 ± 1.19). This was statistically significant (p < 0.05). On the whole, out of 1,550 children only 17.8% children presented with gingivitis, in which majority had mild form of gingivitis when compared with moderate and severe forms. The prevalence of gingivitis was relatively high among government school children (55%) compared with private school children (45%). This was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Summing up, a conclusion could be drawn that the prevalence of both dental caries and gingivitis depends on the state of the oral hygiene habits and practices, correspondingly, due to schoolchildren's knowledge of individual oral hygiene and skills. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Singh N, Gaur S, Kumar M, et al. Comparative Study of Dental Health Status and Its Determinants among Children Attending Government and Private Schools in Kanpur City. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(5):666-673.

Recurrent Irritation Fibroma-"What Lies Beneath": A Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach.

Irritation fibroma is a benign, exophytic reactive oral lesion that develops secondary to injury. Its recurrence rate is rare but may happen in case of repeated trauma at the same site. This case report describes a recurrent fibroma in the anterior region of the hard palate in a 13-year-old male patient, which recurred in less than 1 year of surgical excision of the previous lesion. Through a detailed case history and clinical examination, the etiological factor of the same was found to be trauma from occlusion by the lower incisors. A multidisciplinary treatment approach was, therefore, undertaken, which included surgical excision of the lesion and correction of the underlying deep bite to prevent recurrence of the lesion. Thus, this article highlights the significance of a multidisciplinary approach for holistic dental treatment. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Lalchandani CM, Tandon S, Rai TS, et al. Recurrent Irritation Fibroma-"What Lies Beneath": A Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(3):306-309.

Comparative Evaluation of Ocimum sanctum and Calcium Hydroxide Mix as an Obturating Material in Deciduous Molars: An In Vivo Study.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate clinical and radiographic efficacy of a mix of O. sanctum (tulsi extract) and calcium hydroxide as an obturating material in primary molars and to compare these findings with commercially available iodoform with calcium hydroxide paste (metapex). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted on sixty children age group 4-7 years requiring multiple visit pulpectomy for their primary molars. The teeth selected were randomly divided into two groups. One group received Metapex and other group received Tulsi extract with calcium hydroxide as an obturating material. Clinical and radiographic evaluation were done between both the groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the clinical and radiographic success rate between both the groups. CONCLUSION: Tulsi extract with calcium hydroxide can be used as an obturating material in primary molars. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Agarwal S, Gupta S, Tandon S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Ocimum sanctum and Calcium Hydroxide Mix as an Obturating Material in Deciduous Molars: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(6):617-621.

Evaluation of Extrusion and Apical Seal of Thermafil™ Obturation with and without MTA as an Apical Barrier in Comparison with Lateral Condensation Technique: An In Vitro Study.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the apical sealing ability and periapical extrusion in the Thermafil™ obturation technique, with and without an apical barrier of MTA, with lateral condensation technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty freshly extracted human central incisors were instrumented with the crown down technique and divided into three experimental groups. Group I: lateral condensation technique obturation, group II: Thermafil obturation (DENTSPLY Tulsa), and group III: this group was obturated into two parts; first MTA (ProRoot) was placed in apical 3 mm and later the remaining canal was obturated with Thermafil™ obturation technique (DENTSPLY Tulsa). AH Plus sealer was used in all the groups. Specimens of all the groups were layered with nail paint excluding the apical 3 mm. Twenty-four hours later, all the teeth were suspended in Black India ink for 48 hours. Finally, all the teeth were decalcified, rendered transparent and linear dye leakage and periapical extrusion was measured using ×60 magnification of stereomicroscope with an in-built ruler. RESULTS: A Chi-square test done to evaluate periapical extrusion showed there was a significant difference found among all the groups (p < 0.05), whereas in case of linear apical dye leakage using a Student's "t" test showed there was no significant difference among all the groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Despite showing apical leakage, the thermo-plasticized gutta-percha obturation technique can be advantageous when used with MTA as an apical barrier since there is no scope for apical extrusion along with the benefit of three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system when compared with the lateral condensation technique. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Rao AS, Mathur R, Shah NC, et al. Evaluation of Extrusion and Apical Seal of Thermafil™ Obturation with and without MTA as an Apical Barrier in Comparison with Lateral Condensation Technique: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(S-1):S40-S44.

Comparative Evaluation of Mucosal Vibrator with Topical Anesthetic Gel to reduce Pain during Administration of Local Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients: An in vivo Study.

INTRODUCTION: Usually discomfort and pain are associated with dental work, especially for young patients. Pain control can be achieved by using anesthesia. Sight of injection can terrify any patient and if the patient is a child it is really difficult to convince them for injections. Alternatives to injections have been explored. Pediatric dentists are using anesthesia in the form of jelly and patch. Recently, the concept of mucosal vibration has been put forward to enhance the effectiveness of local anesthesia. AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of lignocaine jelly and mucosal vibration in reducing pain during administration of local anesthesia in pediatric dental patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty children in the age group 6 to 11 years who required bilateral anesthesia for dental treatment in mandible were selected for this study. Pain was compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test at the time of injection using Sound, Eye, Motor (SEM) scale as objective criteria and facial pain rating (FPR) scale as subjective criteria after administration of injection by a trained assistant who was blinded to the procedure. RESULTS: Local anesthetic injection along with mucosal vibration resulted in significantly less pain (p = 0.001) in comparison with the injections without the use of mucosal vibration. CONCLUSION: The result shows that mucosal vibration can be used as an effective means to reduce the intensity of pain during local anesthetic injection in dentistry.How to cite this article: Tandon S, Kalia G, Sharma M, Mathur R, Rathore K, Gandhi M. Comparative Evaluation of Mucosal Vibrator with Topical Anesthetic Gel to reduce Pain during Administration of Local Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(4):261-265.

Speech evaluation in children with missing anterior teeth and after prosthetic rehabilitation with fixed functional space maintainer.

INTRODUCTION: Speech and language development in children is a dynamic process. Development of vocal sound into meaningful speech was one of the major discoveries which have made the human beings to reach the pinnacle of the animal kingdom. The ability to speak is determined by the flow of air into the mouth which affects pronunciation of various words and phrases. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate speech changes before and after prosthetic rehabilitation with fixed functional space maintainer in children with missing maxillary anterior teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample comprised of 25 children in the age range of 3-6 years having at least two maxillary anterior teeth indicated for extraction or had already got extracted. Speech therapist evaluated articulation of [v], [ph], [n], [d], [dh], [th], [t], [s.],[s], and [l] speech sounds of patients preoperatively (T0), postoperatively after the appliance insertion (T1), and postoperatively after 7 days (T2) using Weiss Comprehensive Articulation Test. The data obtained were analyzed using Chi-square and Mcnemar's test. RESULTS: There was statistically significant (P < 0.05) correction in [v], [ph], [d], [dh], [th], [t], [s.], and [s] speech sounds immediately after prosthetic rehabilitation (T1). While, the assessment of speech sounds after 7 days of appliance insertion (T2) showed statistically nonsignificant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that treatment of a patient with missing anterior teeth should not be restricted to esthetic and functional oral rehabilitation, but also comprehend with the speech, as premature loss of the primary maxillary incisor appears to have long-term effect on the speech development.

Effect of Magnetized Water Mouthrinse on Streptococcus mutans in Plaque and Saliva in Children: An in vivo Study.

AIM: This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of magnetized water as a mouthwash on colony count of Streptococcus mutans in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total sample size of 30 children were selected out of screened 290 children by simple random sampling between the age group of 7 and 12 years. The study was conducted over a period of 2 weeks. After selection of the children according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, children were allowed using 10 mL of 72 hours magnetized water for 3 minutes twice in a day for a period of 2 weeks, and further plaque and saliva samples were collected at 1- and 2-week intervals from baseline. Microbiological analysis of plaque and saliva samples was done by Dentocult SM strip kit (Orion Diagnostica, Finland), and the results were statistically analyzed and tabulated. RESULTS: Statistically, there was highly significant reduction in S. mutans count in plaque as well as in saliva after 1- and 2-week intervals from baseline. CONCLUSION: So, finally our study showed that magnetized water is as effective a mouthwash against S. mutans and has better action in plaque as compared with saliva. It can be used as an adjunct to commercially available mouthwashes.How to cite this article: Goyal AK, Rathore AS, Garg M Mathur R, Sharma M, Khairwa A. Effect of Magnetized Watei Mouthrinse on Streptococcus mutans in Plaque and Saliva in Children: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017 10(4):335-339.

Linear programming model to construct phylogenetic network for 16S rRNA sequences of photosynthetic organisms and influenza viruses.

Phylogenetic trees give the information about the vertical relationships of ancestors and descendants but phylogenetic networks are used to visualize the horizontal relationships among the different organisms. In order to predict reticulate events there is a need to construct phylogenetic networks. Here, a Linear Programming (LP) model has been developed for the construction of phylogenetic network. The model is validated by using data sets of chloroplast of 16S rRNA sequences of photosynthetic organisms and Influenza A/H5N1 viruses. Results obtained are in agreement with those obtained by earlier researchers.

Segmental Orthodontics for the Correction of Cross Bites.

Cross bite is a condition where one or more teeth may be abnormally malposed buccally or lingually or labially with reference to the opposing tooth or teeth. Cross bite correction is highly recommended as this kind of malocclusion do not diminish with age. Uncorrected cross bite may lead to abnormal wear of lower anteriors and cuspal interference, mandibular shift resulting in mandibular asymmetry and temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. There are several methods for treating this type of malocclusion. In this article, segmental orthodontics has been highlighted by using 2 × 4 appliance therapy and lingual button with cross elastics. This appliance offers many advantages as it provides complete control of anterior tooth position, is extremely well tolerated, requires no adjustment by the patient and allows accurate and rapid positioning of teeth.

Maxillary Expansion.

Maxillary transverse discrepancy usually requires expansion of the palate by a combination of orthopedic and orthodontic tooth movements. Three expansion treatment modalities are used today: rapid maxillary expansion, slow maxillary expansion and surgically assisted maxillary expansion.This article aims to review the maxillary expansion by all the three modalities and a brief on commonly used appliances.

Cleidocranial dysplasia: case report of three siblings.

BACKGROUND: A family case report of cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) with varied manifestations from father to three siblings is presented. CCD ( MIM # 119600) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia caused by CBAF1 gene ( OMIM 600211) with a wide range of variability. In all the cases generalized dysplasia in bone, prolonged retention of primary teeth and delayed eruption of permanent teeth were evident. Interestingly, there were no supernumerary teeth present. There was mandibular prognathism which was intercepted by occipital chin cup therapy. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To present the clinical manifestations, diagnostic imaging and treatment modalities along with dermatoglyphics in CCD patients. CONCLUSION: Cleidocranial dysplasia is an uncommon disorder however its clinical and radiological features are characteristic. In addition the CCD patients may be distinguished by specific dermatoglyphic markers. It carries with it several implications in terms of complications like skeletal malocclusion, dental caries, etc. Medical treatment is mainly directed at orthopedic and dental correction. A team approach to the management of dental abnormalities on a long-term basis with the overall goal to provide an esthetic facial appearance and functioning occlusion by late adolescence or early adulthood should be focused.