Disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus status to children: Pattern followed by parents and caregivers.

BACKGROUND: Disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status may be perceived as simply the process of revealing a person's HIV status, whether positive or negative. Despite the emerging evidence of the benefits of disclosure, who, when and what to disclose to a HIV-infected child remains a challenge. AIM: This article reports on the patterns of HIV status disclosure to the infected children by their parents and caregivers. SETTING: The study was conducted in the outpatient clinic of one referral hospital offering comprehensive HIV care in the Lubombo region, eSwatini. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive design was followed. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews with a purposive sample of 13 parents and caregivers whose children were on antiretroviral treatment and collecting treatment from the specific outpatient clinic. Audio recorded data were transcribed verbatim, thematic content analysis was done and used to organise and present the findings. RESULTS: Four themes that emerged in relation to the topic of patterns of disclosure were disclosure of HIV status as a process rather than an event, a proposed person to disclose the HIV status to the child, the appropriate age to disclose HIV status to a child and type and amount of information to give in relation to the HIV status. The proposed person to disclose the HIV status to the infected child was the parent or caregiver involved as the primary carer of the child. There was no agreeable appropriate age to disclose HIV status to an infected child and the type and amount of information to disclose varied with the individuals depending on what prompted disclosure. CONCLUSION: Human immunodeficiency virus disclosure to children demands parents' and caregivers' participation and their knowledge of child development.

Editorial.

No abstract available.

Implementing health care reform: implications for performance of public hospitals in central Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the way health care reforms have succeeded or failed thus far would help policy makers cater continued reform efforts in the future and provides insight into possible levels of improvement in the health care system. This work aims to assess and describe the implications of health care reform on the performance of public hospitals in central Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based, cross-sectional study was carried out in five public hospitals with different operational characteristics that have been implementing health care reform in central Ethiopia. The reform documents were reviewed to assess the nature and targets of the reform for interpretive analysis. Adopting dimensions of health system performance as the theoretical framework, a self-administered questionnaire was developed. Consenting health care professionals who have been involved in the reform from inception to implementation filled the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha was measured to ensure internal consistency of the instrument. Descriptive statistics, weighted median score, χ2, and Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for data analysis. RESULT: s Despite implementation of the reform, the health care system in public hospitals was still fragmented as confirmed by 50% of respondents. Limited effects were reported in favour of quality (48%), access (50%), efficiency (51%), sustainability (53%), and equity (61%) of care, while poor effects were reported in patient-provider (41%) and provider-management (32%) interactions. Though there was substantial gain in infrastructure and workspace, stewardship of health care resources was less benefited. The predominant hindrances of the reform were the working environment (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-4.47), financial resources (aOR = 3.54, 95%CI = 1.97-6.33), management (aOR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.15-4.47), and information technology system (aOR = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.57-6.32). CONCLUSION: s The Ethiopian health care reform has laid the groundwork for health system improvement, but progress was slow and the health care delivery system was still fragile. Healthcare reform efforts in such settings are feasible, but with regular mapping of programmatic outcomes and bringing a common understanding of the reform among stakeholders.

Beyond patient care: the impact of healthcare reform on job satisfaction in the Ethiopian public healthcare sector.

BACKGROUND: While healthcare reform has been a central attention for local governments, its impact on job satisfaction is poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the impact of healthcare reform on job satisfaction in the public healthcare sector in Ethiopia. METHODS: The study was designed as a facility-based cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals and carried out in all public hospitals in central Ethiopia which have been implementing healthcare reform (n = 5). All healthcare professionals in the hospitals who were involved in the reform from the inception (n = 476) were purposively sourced to complete a self-administered questionnaire adapted from a framework proposed for measuring job satisfaction of health professionals in sub-Saharan Africa. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's tests were conducted to measure sampling adequacy and sphericity for factor analysis. Likert's transformation formula was used to numerically analyse the satisfaction level of the respondents and to determine the cut-off value of satisfaction levels. Non-parametric and multiple logistic regression analysis were conducted to determine predictors of job satisfaction. RESULTS: A total of 410 healthcare professionals completed the survey, representing an 88% response rate. The median and mean job satisfaction scores were 50 and 49, respectively, on a scale 1-100, which was equivalent to 'Job dissatisfied' on the Likert scale. Only 25% of respondents perceived job satisfaction due to implementation of the reform. Moral satisfaction (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 177.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 59.54-530.08), management style (aOR, 4.02; 95% CI, 1.49-10.83), workload (aOR, 2.42; 95% CI, 0.93-6.34), and task (aOR, 5.49; 95% CI, 2.31-13.07) were the most significant predictors. Job satisfaction results were significantly different among the study hospitals (χ 2 = 30.56, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The healthcare reform significantly and negatively influences public healthcare professionals' job satisfaction and its overall impact on job satisfaction was poor, which would hinder the 'Health Sector Transformation' movement of Ethiopia. Healthcare reform efforts are contingent on job satisfaction of healthcare professionals, and such efforts should balance the demand and supply of both patients and providers for improved healthcare outcomes.

Proposing evidence-based strategies to strengthen implementation of healthcare reform in resource-limited settings: a summative analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Many resource-limited countries have adopted and implemented healthcare reform to improve the quality of healthcare, but few have had much impact and strategies in support of these efforts remain limited. We aimed to explore and propose evidence-based strategies to strengthen implementation of healthcare reform in resource-limited settings. DESIGN: Descriptive and exploratory designs in two phases. Phase I involved assessing the effectiveness of the healthcare reform implemented in Ethiopia in the form of business process reengineering, with evidence compiled from healthcare professionals through a self-administered questionnaire; and phase II involved proposing strategies and seeking consensus from experts using Delphi method. SETTING: Public hospitals in central Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS: 406 healthcare professionals and 10 senior health policy experts. FINDINGS: The healthcare reform that we evaluated was able to restructure hospital departments into case teams, with the goal of adopting a 'one-stop shopping' approach. However, shortages of critical infrastructure, furniture and supplies and job dissatisfaction continued to hamper the system. The most important predictors that influenced implementation of the reform were financial resources, top management commitment and support, collaborative working environment and information technology (IT). Five strategies with 14 operational objectives and 67 potential interventions that could strengthen the reform are proposed based on their strategic priority, which are as follows: reinforce patient-centred quality of care services; foster a healthy and respectful workforce environment; efficient and accountable leadership and governance; efficient use of hospital financing and maximise innovations and the use of health technologies. CONCLUSIONS: Effective implementation of healthcare reform remained a challenge for governments in resource-limited settings. Resilient operational, clinical and governance functions of health systems, as well as a motivated and committed health workforce, are important to move healthcare reform processes forward. Political commitments at this juncture might be critical though there need to be a clear demarcation between political and technical engagements.

Intensive care unit nurse managers' views regarding nurse staffing in their units in South Africa.

AIM: To explore the views of the intensive care unit (ICU) nurse managers regarding nurse staffing in the large ICUs. DESIGN AND METHODS: A qualitative design was used to explore the views of the ICU managers. Four individual interviews were conducted with ICU managers. The interviews were audio recorded; transcribed verbatim and content data analysis was undertaken. The settings were ICUs of four private hospitals in the Tshwane metropolitan area in Gauteng Province, South Africa. RESULTS: Two themes that emerged from the data were shortage of competent and trained nurses and problems with agency nurses. Shortage of competent and trained nurses was associated with the global shortage of nurses; and led to increased patient-to-nurse ratios and the use of other categories of nurses, other than professional nurses. The problems with agency nurses were lack of ICU experience and lack of commitment to their professional work. These brought about risks in the provision of quality nursing care. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate numbers of competent and committed nurses is essential for efficient patient care and favourable outcomes in the ICUs. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings demonstrate the importance of provision of ICU trained nurses for patient care, rather than nurse staffing simply to balance the numbers.

The views of intensive care nurses regarding short-term deployment.

BACKGROUND: Short-term deployment of nurses is usually used within the hospital units in order to 'balance the numbers' or to cover the shortage of staff in the different units. Often nurses in the intensive care unit (ICU) are sent to go and assist in other units, where there is not enough nursing staff or when their own unit is not busy. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to explore the views of the ICU nurses regarding short-term deployment to other units. METHOD: A qualitative design was used, following interpretivism. The study was conducted in the ICUs of two hospitals in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Data were collected through focus group interviews with a purposive sample of registered nurses working in the selected ICUs, transcribed verbatim and analysed using open coding. RESULTS: The participants shared a similar view that deployment to other units should be based on a formal agreement, with policies and procedures. Consultation and negotiation are recommended prior to deployment of staff. Management should recognise and acknowledge expertise of ICU nurses in their own speciality area. CONCLUSION: The findings call for redesign of a deployment policy that will suit nurses from the speciality areas such as ICU.

Challenges encountered by critical care unit managers in the large intensive care units.

BACKGROUND: Nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) are exposed regularly to huge demands interms of fulfilling the many roles that are placed upon them. Unit managers, in particular, are responsible for the efficient management of the units and have the responsibilities of planning, organising, leading and controlling the daily activities in order to facilitate the achievement of the unit objectives. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to explore and present the challenges encountered by ICU managers in the management of large ICUs. METHOD: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was conducted at five hospital ICUs in Gauteng province, South Africa. Data were collected through individual interviews from purposively-selected critical care unit managers, then analysed using the matic coding. RESULTS: Five themes emerged from the data: challenges related to the layout and structure of the unit, human resources provision and staffing, provision of material resources, stressors in the unit and visitors in the ICU. CONCLUSION: Unit managers in large ICUs face multifaceted challenges which include the demand for efficient and sufficient specialised nurses; lack of or inadequate equipment that goes along with technology in ICU and supplies; and stressors in the ICU that limit the efficiency to plan, organise, lead and control the daily activities in the unit. The challenges identified call for multiple strategies to assist in the efficient management of large ICUs.

The Challenges Experienced by Nongovernmental Organisations with Regard to the Roll-Out of Antiretroviral Therapy in KwaZulu-Natal

Background: Successful administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) requires full adherence to the regimen by the patient. The introduction of ART needs a well-functioning health system with adequately trained health professionals; laboratory support; a constant supply of drugs and social systems to assist with patients' adherence and to prevent future treatment failure. Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the challenges experienced by nongovernmental organisations with regard to the roll-out of antiretroviral therapy. Design: A qualitative; exploratory and descriptive study was conducted to determine the challenges experienced by nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) with regard to the roll-out of ART in KwaZulu-Natal. Nine participants were included purposefully from the NGOs that participated in this study. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews. Open coding for analysis was used. Results: The findings revealed four themes: challenges relating to sustainability; adherence; health infrastructure and behaviour. Conclusion: The results indicate a need for multisectoral collaboration in the roll-out of ART to ensure a concerted; comprehensive and sustainable programme

Comparison of parents of children and the elderly in a rural community.

A comparison of parents and the elderly on three variables--support, depression, and satisfaction are presented. The subjects were 201 elderly and 198 parents of children in a rural community. The findings support that the elderly who receive pensions are caring for young children.

Elderly citizen's perception of their health and care provided in a rural South African community.

A descriptive survey of 201 senior citizens, 55 years or older was conducted June 2001, using face-to-face interviews to establish a database. Structured tools were used to measure self appraisal of family stress, perceived social support, caregiver satisfaction and psychological health of family members and of themselves. Even though the senior citizens had survived past the estimated life expectancy, the quality of life has not improved significantly in the post-apartheid period.

Health care and developmental status of children and their families.

A description of the health care and developmental status of children from a database created from a study done in a rural community of a province in South Africa. One hundred and ninety-eight parents/guardians responded to questions from structured interview guide. Findings suggest that most of the children are healthy. There appears to be evidence of some progress since the end of apartheid. There, however, still appears that much more is needed to meet the needs of the population living in this rural community.