[Neonatal seizures and progression to epilepsy in a tertiary hospital]. / Crisis neonatales y evolución a epilepsia en un hospital de tercer nivel.

INTRODUCTION: Given the immaturity of the newborn, neonatal seizures are a diagnostic challenge. Most of them are secondary to an acute event. A small percentage constitute the onset of epilepsy. AIMS: The aim was to analyse neonates with a diagnosis of seizures admitted to a tertiary hospital between November 2009 and May 2021, and their subsequent progression to epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out using the hospital database. Information was collected on neonates with a discharge diagnosis of 'seizures' or 'moderate or severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy'. Different variables were analysed: aetiology of the seizures, type, persistence over time, treatment and electroclinical correlates. RESULTS: Of 165 patients, 55 presented neonatal seizures. As regards aetiology, 43 patients (78%) had seizures secondary to an acute event, of which 19 (34%) were hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathies, and 22 (40%) had other acute disorders. Genetic alteration was found in six of them (11%). Thirteen patients (24%) progressed to subsequent epilepsy, of whom seven had symptomatic epilepsy, with a period of latency after the acute event in two patients. Six patients had neonatal epilepsy with unprovoked seizures. Twenty-two (62%) showed electroclinical correlates. All of the confirmed crises (100%) were focal. All the seizures were treated. The drug of choice was phenobarbital. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of neonatal seizures requires high clinical suspicion and electroclinical confirmation. Most of them progress favourably, but a percentage constitute the onset of epilepsy, the identification of which will determine their therapeutic management.

TITLE: Crisis neonatales y evolución a epilepsia en un hospital de tercer nivel.Introducción. Las convulsiones neonatales son un reto diagnóstico, dada la inmadurez del recién nacido. La mayoría son secundarias a un evento agudo. Un pequeño porcentaje constituye el inicio de una epilepsia. Objetivos. Analizar a los neonatos ingresados en un hospital de tercer nivel con diagnóstico de crisis entre noviembre de 2009 y mayo de 2021, y su evolución posterior a epilepsia. Material y métodos. Se ha realizado un estudio observacional retrospectivo utilizando la base de datos del hospital. Se ha recogido la información de los neonatos con diagnóstico en el alta de 'convulsiones' o 'encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica moderada o grave'. Se analizaron distintas variables: etiología de las crisis, tipo, persistencia temporal, tratamiento y correlato electroclínico. Resultados. De 165 pacientes, 55 presentaron crisis neonatales. En cuanto a la etiología, 43 pacientes (78%) tuvieron crisis secundarias a un evento agudo, de las cuales 19 (34%) fueron encefalopatías hipóxico-isquémicas, y 22 (40%), otras alteraciones agudas. En seis (11%) se encontró alteración genética. Trece pacientes (24%) evolucionaron a una epilepsia posterior, de los cuales siete presentaron una epilepsia sintomática, con un período de latencia tras el evento agudo en dos pacientes. Seis pacientes tuvieron epilepsia neonatal con crisis no provocadas. Veintidós (62%) mostraron correlato electroclínico. El 100% de las crisis confirmadas fueron focales. Todas las crisis se trataron. El fármaco de elección fue el fenobarbital. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico de convulsiones neonatales requiere una alta sospecha clínica y una confirmación electroclínica. La mayoría tiene evolución favorable, pero un porcentaje constituye el inicio de una epilepsia, cuya identificación determinará su manejo terapéutico.

Electrocardiograma y evaluación predeportiva en el niño que practica deporte / Electrocardiogram and pre-sports evaluation in the child who practices sports

Introducción: existe consenso en la necesidad de realizar un cribado predeportivo, aunque con enormes diferencias en cuanto a protocolos. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es conocer el estado de los reconocimientos predeportivos en niños, conocer la prevalencia de anomalías cardiovasculares y valorar la utilidad del electrocardiograma (ECG). Pacientes y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Durante dos años se realizó el reconocimiento médico propuesto por la Guía Clínica de Evaluación Cardiovascular previa a la práctica deportiva en Pediatría en las revisiones de niños mayores de seis años, incluyendo anamnesis, exploración física y electrocardiograma. Resultados: se incluyeron 691 niños. El 62,5% realizaba deporte extraescolar con una mediana de 3 horas por semana (2-4,5). El 52,2% de los niños estaban federados. Existen diferencias en las horas de práctica deportiva y la edad entre niños federados y no federados (p <0,001). En los federados se realizó reconocimiento en el 68,1% y un ECG en el 19%, existiendo diferencias significativas entre los distintos tipos de deportes (p <0,001). El 13% de los niños estudiados presentaban antecedentes familiares de cardiopatía. El 3,5% de los ECG realizados fueron patológicos precisando valoración por Cardiología Pediátrica. El 6,6% de los niños con antecedentes familiares de cardiopatía y el 3% de los niños sin antecedentes necesitaron seguimiento cardiológico. Conclusiones: en la mayoría de los reconocimientos deportivos de nuestro medio no se incluye ECG. Investigar en profundidad los antecedentes familiares de cardiopatía es importante (AU)

Introduction: there is consensus on the need to perform pre-sport screening, although with enormous differences in terms of protocols. The objective of our study is to know the status of pre-sport screenings in children, to know the prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities and to assess the usefulness of the electrocardiogram (ECG).Patients and methods: descriptive cross-sectional study. For two years, the medical screening proposed by the Clinical Guide for Cardiovascular Evaluation prior to sports practice in pediatrics was carried out in the check-ups of children older than 6 years, including anamnesis, physical examination and electrocardiogram.Results: 691 children were included. 62.5% did extracurricular sports with a median of 3 hours per week (2-4.5). 52.2% of the children were federated. There are differences in the hours of sports practice and age between federated and non-federated children (p <0.001). In federated, recognition was performed in 68.1% and ECG in 19%, with significant differences between the different types of sports (p <0.001). 13% of the children studied had a family history of heart disease. 3.5% of the ECGs performed were pathological, requiring evaluation by pediatric cardiology. 6.6% of the children with a family history of heart disease and 3% of the children without a history required cardiac follow-up.Conclusions: ECG is not included in most of the sports examinations in our environment. Investigating family history of heart disease is important. (AU)

Demanda asistencial en un Servicio de Pediatría durante el estado de alarma secundario a la COVID-19 / Demand for care in a Pediatric Service during the state of alarm secondary to COVID-19

Antecedentes y objetivos. La COVID-19 es una enfermedad producida por el virus SARS-CoV-2. En España,entre el mes de marzo y junio de 2020 se declaró el primer Estado de Alarma con el fin de contener la pandemia.Nuestro objetivo es evaluar la demanda asistencial y lasenfermedades que acudieron a Urgencias Pediátricas y quefueron ingresadas durante el tiempo que duró el primer Estado de Alarma, comparando con los mismos meses delos años 2018 y 2019.Resultados. Existe una reducción del número de ingresosde 345 a 141, un incremento de la complejidad demostrada por una mayor duración de los ingresos hasta 7,3±12,4 días(6,2±8,6 días en 2018 y 4,8±6,9 en 2019). Las enfermedades infecciosas (principalmente las respiratorias) descendieron, permaneciendo estables los ingresos por neoplasias, patología psiquiátrica, apendicitis y enfermedades circulatorias. EnUrgencias Pediátricas, en los años 2018 y 2019 (de 1 marzoa 30 junio) se atendieron 9.075 y 8.525 pacientes, mientras que en el 2020 se atendieron 2.215, aumentando el porcentajede ingresos procedentes de urgencias del 3,6% y 3,4% al 6%en 2020. Las enfermedades que aumentaron de forma más importante fueron las lesiones traumáticas y las intoxicaciones. Tanto en los ingresos como en urgencias existe unincremento en la edad de los pacientes. Conclusiones. El Estado de Alarma influyó en la presión asistencial y en el tipo de enfermedades atendidas enel Servicio de Pediatría, con una disminución del número de Urgencias y de ingresos, un incremento de la edad y unamodificación del tipo de enfermedades atendidas.

Introduction and objectives. COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In Spain, between March and June 2020, the first State of Alarm was declared in order to contain the pandemic. Our objective is to evaluate the health care demand and the diseases that came to the Pediatric Emergency Department and were admitted during the time that the first State of Alarm lasted, comparing with the same months of the years 2018 and 2019.Results. There is a reduction in the number of admissions from 345 to 141, an increase in complexity demonstrated by a longer duration of admissions to 7.3±12.4 days (6.2 ± 8.6 days in 2018 and 4, 8±6.9 in 2019). Infectious diseases (mainly respiratory) decreased, with admissions for neoplasms, psychiatric pathology, appendicitis and circulatory diseases remaining stable. In Pediatric Emergencies, in the years 2018 and 2019 (from March 1 to June 30), 9,075 and 8,525 patients were attended, while in 2020, 2,215 were attended, increasing the percentage of admissions from the emergency room of 3.6% and 3.4% to 6% in 2020. The diseases that increased most significantly were traumatic injuries and poisonings. Both in admissions and in emergencies there is an increase in the age of the patients. Conclusions. The State of Alarm influenced the care pressure and the type of diseases treated in the Pediatric Service, with a decrease in the number of Emergencies and admissions, an increase in age and a modification of the type of diseases treated (AU)

Hipertensión pulmonar: uno entre un millón / Pulmonary hypertension: one in a million

Introducción. La hipertensión pulmonar en pediatríasuele presentarse con una clínica inespecífica que hace difícilsu sospecha diagnóstica, siendo hasta en el 30% de los casosde etiología multifactorial.Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de una lactante de2 meses de edad que comienza con clínica inespecífica(vómitos, rechazo de tomas, irritabilidad), presentando unempeoramiento progresivo que termina en varias paradascardiorrespiratorias abortadas. En el estudio diagnósticoúnicamente se encuentra una hipertensión pulmonar grave que no responde a tratamiento vasodilatador agresivo.Además, muestra hiperecogenicidad periventricular condesarrollo de edema cerebral progresivo, que termina conla vida de la paciente. El estudio metabólico muestra elevación de glicina en líquidos biológicos; y el estudio genético confirma una variante patogénica en homocigosis en elgen NFU1 (NM_001002755.3:c.622G>T, p.Gly208Cys), por loque se diagnostica de síndrome de disfunción mitocondrialmúltiple tipo 1.Conclusiones. El síndrome de disfunción mitocondrialmúltiple tipo 1 es una enfermedad autosómica recesiva conuna prevalencia <1/1.000.000, que afecta al metabolismomitocondrial por alteración del gen NFU1. La clínica comienza en las primeras etapas de la vida por síntomas inespecíficos, neurológicos e hipertensión pulmonar, con un cursomortal a los pocos meses de edad. Destaca un aumento deglicina y lactato en líquidos biológicos; una leucoencefalopatía periventricular con degeneración quística, cavitacionesy/o necrosis. El diagnóstico de las enfermedades metabólicasprecisa de una alta sospecha clínica. El curso rápidamenteprogresivo y refractario al tratamiento de una hipertensiónpulmonar que asocia clínica encefalopática, debe hacernossospechar una alteración en el metabolismo mitocondrial. (AU)

Introduction. Pulmonary hypertension in children usually presents with non-specific symptoms that makes thesuspicion difficult, being up to 30% of cases of multifactorialetiology.Clinical case. We present the case of a 2-month-old infantwho began with nonspecific symptoms, presenting a progressive worsening that results in aborted cardiorespiratoryarrest. The diagnostic work-up only shows a severe pulmonary hypertension that does not respond to aggressivevasodilator therapy. In addition, the patient has periventricular hyperechogenicity with progressive cerebral edema,causing the patient’s death. The metabolic study shows elevation of glycine in biological fluids; and the genetic study confirmed a homozygous pathogenic variant in the NFU1gene (NM_001002755.3:c.622G>T, p.Gly208Cys), leading tothe diagnosis of type 1 multiple mitochondrial dysfunctionsyndrome.Conclusion. Multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome type 1 is an autosomal recessive disease with a prevalence <1/1,000,000, which affects mitochondrial metabolismdue to alterations in the NFU1 gene. The clinic begins in theearly stages of life presenting with nonspecific symptoms,neurological symptoms and pulmonary hypertension; witha fatal course in all cases. An increase in glycine and lactate in biological fluids is characteristic; it is also typical tofind a periventricular leukoencephalopathy with chemicaldegeneration, cavitations and/or necrosis. The diagnosisof metabolic disorders requires a high clinical suspicion. Asevere pulmonary hypertension associated with encephalopathy should lead us to suspect an alteration in mitochondrial metabolism (AU)

First report of Kudoa sp. in the palate and pharyngeal musculature of Gobioides grahamae Palmer and Wheeler, 1955 (Perciformes, Gobiidae) from Marajó Island, Brazil / Primeiro registro de Kudoa sp. na musculatura do palato e faringeal de Gobioides grahamae Palmer e Wheeler, 1955 (Perciformes, Gobiidae) da Ilha do Marajó, Brasil

The aim of this study was to describe the first occurrence ofKudoasp. inGobioides grahamae, contributing to the understanding of this group of parasites in the Amazonian ichthyofauna. Forty specimens ofG. grahamaecollected from the natural environment were analyzed. Cysts ofKudoasp. were diffusely distributed through the striated skeletal muscle fibers with severe edema and inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes were observed in 30% of the specimens. Edema and marked coagulation necrosis of the muscle fibers was associated with infection byKudoasp. spores, which had accumulated inside the skeletal muscle fibers. Although there are no records of foodborne outbreaks caused by Kudoa spp. in Brazil, it is of paramount importance that we evaluate its occurrence, since the consumption of fish, especially raw fish, has increased because of the adoption of Japanese cuisine. To minimize the economic impacts on the fisheries market and the risk of this parasite to public health, it is necessary to initiate a program to monitor the presence of this likely underdiagnosed, emerging parasite.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a primeira ocorrência de Kudoa sp. em Gobioides grahamae, contribuindo, assim, para a compreensão desse grupo de parasitas na ictiofauna amazônica. Foram analisados 40 espécimes de G. grahamae coletados de ambiente natural. Cistos de Kudoa sp. foram distribuídos difusamente através das fibras musculares esqueléticas estriadas com presença de edema grave e infiltrado inflamatório composto de linfócitos, que foram observados em 30% dos espécimes. Edema e necrose de coagulação acentuada das fibras musculares foram associados com a infecção por esporos de Kudoa sp., acumulados no interior das fibras musculares da faringe. Apesar de não haver registros de surtos de origem alimentar causada por Kudoa spp. no Brasil, é de suma importância a avaliação de sua ocorrência, uma vez que o consumo de peixe, especialmente peixe cru, aumentou por causa da adoção da culinária japonesa. Para minimizar os impactos econômicos no mercado da pesca e o risco desse parasita para a saúde pública, é necessário iniciar um programa para monitorar a presença desse parasita emergente, possivelmente subdiagnosticada.(AU)

Enuresis nocturna: una propuesta para optimizar su manejo / Nocturnal enuresis: a proposal to optimize its management

La enuresis es un importante problema clínico, familiar y social. Es un trastorno de origen multifactorial en el que los determinantes neurológicos, hormonales y vesicales están claramente influidos por el contexto psicosocial del individuo. Es una condición infradiagnosticada, en la que no se valora de manera suficiente su repercusión emocional y sobre la calidad de vida del niño. También está deficientemente tratada a pesar de las recomendaciones recogidas en las guías disponibles. Un tratamiento óptimo debe iniciarse a partir de los 5 años con un diagnóstico correcto y teniendo en cuenta para cada caso el factor subyacente que condiciona la fisiopatología de la enfermedad. Desde nuestro grupo queremos destacar algunos aspectos clave de esta entidad y resaltar la importancia de su detección en las consultas de pediatría de Atención Primaria y su manejo correcto

Enuresis is a common and significant clinical, familiar and social problem. It is accepted as a multifactorial disease with a causative factors intermingled from central nervous system, hormonal and bladder regulation, which are embedded in psycho-social context. It is a frequently underdiagnosed condition, in which the important emotional impact and the quality of life it has on the child are underestimated, being poorly treated despite the recommendations contained in the available guidelines. An optimal treatment should start from 5 years with a correct diagnosis and taking into account for each case the underlying factor that conditions the pathophysiology of the disease. From our group we want to highlight some key aspects and recapitulate the importance of its detection in primary care pediatric office and its correct management

Tratamiento de la elevación de prolactina por psicofármacos en personas con discapacidad intelectual / Treatment of prolactin elevation by psychotropic drugs in people with intellectual disabilities

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Alteraciones de la conducta en personas con discapacidad intelectual adultas ingresadas en un centro residencial / Behaviour disorders in adult persons with intellectual disability located in a residential centre

Las personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI) que presentan alteraciones de la conducta, suelen tener una tasa alta de conductas auto y heteroagresivas. Además suelen tomar fármacos psicotropos durante mucho tiempo. Objetivo: Conocer las características de los problemas de conducta en esta población, así como los tratamientos farmacológicos que se utilizan. Descripción del estudio: Epidemiológico, naturalístico, observacional, prospectivo de 3 meses de duración en un grupo de pacientes con DI. Población: 80 pacientes adultos ingresados en una unidad residencial, que presentan Discapacidad Intelectual con alteración de la conducta. Material: Datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y de tratamientos. Escalas: Escala de Evaluación de la Actividad Global (EEAG), Escala de Impresión Clínica Global (CGI) y Escala de Agresividad Manifiesta (OAS). Método: Estadísticas con el SPSS v. 15.0. Estadística descriptiva y análisis de correlación. Resultados: 53 mujeres y 27 hombres. La edad media es de 50 años. El 38,8% presentan una DI moderada, el 33,8% leve, el 25% severa y el 2,5% no especificada. Tienen una puntuación media de 4,68 en la escala CGI, de 35,78 en la EEAG y de 7,10 en la escala OAS. El 32.1% de los residentes presentan agresividad verbal, el 13,8% autoagresividad, el 20% heteroagresividad hacia objetos y el 23,9% heteroagresividad hacia personas, con un grado de intensidad importante. Presentan mayor agresividad las personas más jóvenes. El 78,8% toma antipsicóticos, el 63,8% benzodiazepinas y el 58,8% antiepilépticos. Conclusiones: La población estudiada se caracteriza por la gravedad de las alteraciones de la conducta, con un funcionamiento psicosocial bajo. El grado de DI se relaciona con la gravedad clínica y la funcionalidad. La prevalencia de alteraciones de conducta es elevada, se relaciona con la gravedad clínica y es mayor en los más jóvenes. El uso de psicofármacos es elevado y está en relación con las alteraciones de la conducta

People with intellectual disability (ID) institutionalized usually have a high rate of behavior disorders. In addition they usually take psychotropics for a long time. Objective: Know the characteristics of behaviour disorders in this population. As well as the pharmacological treatments that are used. Description of the study: Epidemiological, naturalistic, observational, prospective study over 3 months in a group of patients with ID. Population: 80 adult residents institutionalized in a residential centre, diagnosed of Intellectual Disability with behaviour disorders. Material: Sociodemographic, clinical and treatment data. Scales: Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF), Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) and Overt Agression Scale (OAS). Method: Statistics with the SPSS v. 15.0. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed. Results: 53 women and 27 men. The average age is 50 years. 38.8% have moderate ID, 33.8% mild, 25% severe and 2.5% unspecified. They have an average of 4.68 in the CGI scale, of 35.78 in the EEAG and of 7.10 in the OAS scale. 32.1% of the residents presented verbal aggressiveness, 13.8% self-aggression, 20% aggressiveness towards objects and 23.9% aggressiveness towards people, with an important degree of intensity. Young residents present more aggressive behaviour. 78.8% take antipsychotics, 63.8% benzodiazepines and 58.8% antiepileptic drugs. Conclusions: The population is characterized by serious behaviour disorders with a low psychosocial functioning. The degree of ID is related to severity and functionality. The prevalence of behaviour disorders is high, is related to the clinical severity and is higher in the youngest. The use of psychotropic drugs is high and is related to behaviour disorders

Hiperprolactinemia inducida por psicofármacos en personas con discapacidad intelectual ingresadas en un centro residencial / Hyperprolactinemia induced by psychotropic drugs in people with intellectual disability located in a residential centre

Introducción: En personas con Discapacidad Intelectual (DI) que presentan alteración de la conductwa es frecuente el uso de psicofármacos. Estos fármacos pueden provocar efectos secundarios. Así, la elevación de prolactina está frecuentemente asociada al uso de antipsicóticos y puede generar problemas clínicos. Objetivo: Conocer el nivel de prolactina en un grupo de personas con DI y alteración de la conducta que toman psicofármacos. Conocer su relación con las distintas variables: tipo de fármaco, sexo, edad, grado de discapacidad intelectual y diagnósticos psiquiátricos concurrentes. Población: 80 personas con discapacidad intelectual y alteración de la conducta ingresadas en un centro residencial. Edad media 50 años.53 mujeres, 27 hombres. El 38.8% presentan una DI moderada, el 33.8% leve, el 25% severa y el 2.5% no especificada. Método: Prueba analítica para determinar el nivel de prolactina. Tratamiento farmacológico de cada paciente. Estudiar diferencias significativas entre nivel de prolactina y sexo, edad, grado de DI, diagnósticos psiquiátricos concurrentes, y diferentes fármacos. Resultados: El 78.8% de los pacientes estudiados toma antipsicóticos, de los que el 52.4% toma uno y el 47.6% toma dos o más. El 54% fueron tratados con antipsicóticos de 2ª generación. El nivel medio de prolactina fue en monoterapia de 38.9 ng/ml y en politerapia de 49.4 ng/ml; antipsicóticos de 2ªgeneración: 44.6 ng/ml, antipsicóticos de 1ª generación: 43.1 ng/ml. Además, el 63.8% toma benzodiacepinas y el 58.8% antiepilépticos. Existen diferencias significativas en el nivel medio de prolactina y consumo de antipsicóticos y benzodiacepinas, pero no con los diferentes tipos de antipsicóticos, o con tomar uno o más, o con cada uno de los distintos fármacos. Realizada una regresión logística para predecir niveles de prolactina elevados, las benzodiacepinas presentan una razón de odds 3.02 y tomar antipsicóticos una razón de odds de 12.70. Conclusiones: El nivel de prolactina elevado está asociado a la toma de antipsicóticos y de benzodiacepinas. La toma de antipsicóticos predice una posibilidad de elevar la prolactina de 12.7 veces, que el no tomarlos, y la toma de benzodiacepinas de 3.02 veces superior

Introduction: In people with Intellectual Disability (ID) who exhibit behavior disorders, the use of psychoactive drugs is frequent. These medications can cause side effects. Thus, the elevation of prolactin is frequently associated with the use of antipsychotics and can generate clinical problems. Objective: To know the level of prolactin in a group of people with ID and behavior alteration who take psychotropic drugs. Acknowledge the relation with different variables: type of drug, gender, age, degree of intellectual disability and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Population: 80 people with intellectual disabilities and behavior disorders located in a residential centre. Average age 50 years.53 women, 27 men. 38.8% have moderate ID, 33.8% mild, 25% severe and 2.5% unspecified. Method: Analytical test to determine prolactin serum levels. Pharmacological treatment of each patient. Study significant differences between prolactin level and sex, age, degree of ID, concurrent psychiatric diagnoses, and different drugs. Results: 78.8% of patients studied take antipsychotics, of which 52.4% take one and 47.6% take two or more. 54% were treated with 2nd generation antipsychotics. The mean level of prolactin was of 38.9 ng/ml in monotherapy and of 49.4 ng/ml in polytherapy; 2nd generation antipsychotics: 44.6 ng / ml, 1st generation antipsychotics: 43.1 ng / ml. In addition, 63.8% take benzodiazepines and 58.8% antiepileptic drugs. There are significant differences in the mean level of prolactin and consumption of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, but not with the different types of antipsychotics, or with taking one or more, or with each of the different drugs. A logistic regression was performed to predict elevated prolactin levels, benzodiazepines presented an odds ratio of 3.02 and antipsychotics, an odds ratio of 12.70. Conclusions: The elevation of prolactin is associated with the taking of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. Taking antipsychotics predicts a possibility of elevating prolactin by 12.7 times, than not taking them, and taking benzodiazepines by 3.02 times higher

Elevación de prolactina en personas con discapacidad intelectual con tratamiento psicofarmacológico / Elevation of prolactin in patients with intellectual disability on psychopharmacological treatment

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Bioactivity of Acanthus mollis - Contribution of benzoxazinoids and phenylpropanoids.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Acanthus mollis is a plant native to the Mediterranean region, traditionally used as diuretic, anti-inflammatory and soothing of the mucous membranes of the digestive and urinary tract and externally as healing of wounds and burns, also demonstrating analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, studies focused on its phytochemical composition as well as scientific proof of Acanthus mollis efficacy are scarce. AIM OF THE STUDY: The proposed work aims to perform a phytochemical characterization and evaluation of the therapeutic potential of Acanthus mollis, based on biological properties that support its traditional uses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, an 96% ethanol extract from Acanthus mollis leaves was obtained and its phytochemical composition evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detector coupled to Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI/MSn). The chemical structure of the compound isolated was elucidated using 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), 1H-correlation spectroscopy (1H-COSY), heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC). The quantification of the constituents was performed using two external standards (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and verbascoside). The antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and through lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assay. The cytotoxicity was screened on two lines (RAW 264.7 and HaCaT) using the resazurin assay. RESULTS: Compounds such as verbascoside and its derivatives, as well as benzoxazinoids were found as the main constituents. A percentage of 5.58% was verified for the 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) derivatives. DIBOA was the main compound of the extract. Significant concentrations were also found for phenylpropanoids, which constitute about 4.39% of the total compounds identified. This extract showed antioxidant capacity against DPPH (IC50 = 40.00 ±â€¯1.59 µg/mL) and superoxide anion (IC50 = 29.42 ±â€¯1.99 µg/mL). It also evidenced anti-inflammatory potential in RAW 264.7 macrophages, presenting capacity for nitric oxide reduction (IC50 = 28.01 µg/mL). Moreover, in vitro studies have shown that this extract was able to inhibit the lipoxygenase, with an IC50 of 104.39 ±â€¯4.95 µg/mL. Importantly, all effective concentrations were devoid of cytotoxicity in keratinocytes, thus highlighting the safety of the extract for the treatment of skin inflammatory related diseases. Concerning macrophages it was also possible to disclose concentrations showing anti-inflammatory activity and without cytotoxicity (up to 30 µg/mL). The benzoxazinoid DIBOA demonstrated a considerable anti-inflammatory activity suggesting its important contribution to this activity. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate the anti-inflammatory properties traditionally attributed to this plant. Among the compounds identified in this study, benzoxazinoids exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity that was never previously described. Ethanol seems to be a good option for the extraction of these bioactive compounds, since relevant antioxidant/anti-radical and anti-inflammatory activities were found for this extract.

Attachment and adaptation to breast cancer: The mediating role of avoidant emotion processes.

Attachment insecurity is associated with difficulties in adapting to cancer. Accumulating evidence points to the influence of avoidant emotion processes in this association. This study explored this pathway by examining the association between attachment insecurity and quality of life in women with breast cancer, and by exploring the mediating role of two avoidant emotion processes in this association. Women with breast cancer (N = 155) completed measures of attachment, emotional suppression, emotional awareness and quality of life. Avoidance of attachment was positively associated with emotional suppression (ß = .29, p < .01) and lack of emotional awareness (ß = .27, p < .01), and negatively associated with quality of life (ß = -.22, p < .05). Lack of emotional awareness partially mediated the relationship between attachment avoidance and quality of life (indirect effect ß = -.12, p = .008). Attachment anxiety was not associated with any variable. Attachment avoidance may hinder the process of adaptation to breast cancer and difficulties in identifying and describing emotions may be partly responsible for this influence. Access to and ability to benefit from social and medical supports is likely to depend on being able to engage with others and recognise and process emotions effectively. Research and clinical implications are discussed.