Design of a sensor to estimate suspended sediment transport in situ using the measurements of water velocity, suspended sediment concentration and depth.

- The sediment transport plays a major role in every aquatic ecosystem. However, the lack of instruments to monitor this process has been an obstacle to understanding its effects. We present the design of a single sensor built to measure water velocity, suspended sediment concentration and depth in situ, and how to associate the three variables to estimate and analyse sediment transport. During the laboratory calibrations, the developed instrument presented a resolution from 0.001 g/L to 0.1 g/L in the 0-12 g/L range for the measurement of suspended sediment concentration and 0.05 m/s resolution for 0-0.5 m/s range and 0.001 m/s resolution for 0.5-1 m/s range for the measurement of water velocity. The device was deployed for 6 days in an estuarine area with high sediment dynamics to evaluate its performance. During the field experiment, the sensor successfully measured the tidal cycles and consequent change of flow directions, and the suspended sediment concentration in the area. These measurements allowed to estimate water discharge and sediment transport rates during the different phases of tides, and the daily total volume of water and total amount of sediment passing through the estuary.

Color Match of a Universal-shade Composite Resin for Restoration of Non-carious Cervical Lesions: An Equivalence Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: The objective of this double-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the color match of a single-shade composite resin Admira Fusion X-tra in comparison with a multi-shade composite resin Admira Fusion in non-carious cervical lesion restorations (NCCLs). METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred and twenty restorations were performed on NCCLs with two restorative materials (n=60). After prophylaxis, the teeth were isolated with a rubber dam, and one universal adhesive was applied in the selective enamel etching strategy. For both groups, the restorations were inserted incrementally and light-cured. The values of the coordinates L*, a*, and b* in the cervical third before vs after the restorations and cervical vs middle third after the restorations were evaluated using a digital spectrophotometer after the coordinate values were used to calculate the CIEDE (ΔE00). The restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 7 days of clinical performance according to the FDI criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test for all parameters. Color change was analyzed by Student t-test for paired samples (α=0.05). RESULTS: All restorations were evaluated after 7 days. Regarding the color measurement, no significant difference was observed when Admira Fusion was compared to Admira Fusion X-tra for any of the comparisons performed (p>0.05). However, the values of ΔE00 in the cervical third before vs after the restorations were higher when compared with ΔE00 observed when the cervical vs middle third after restorations were compared. All restorations received the score "clinically very good" after 7 days for all outcomes, including the subjective color match, when evaluated for FDI criterion. CONCLUSIONS: The single-shade composite resin used achieves the same color match when compared to a multi-shade composite resin after 7 days in NCCLs.

Five-year Randomized Clinical Trial on the Performance of Two Etch-and-rinse Adhesives in Noncarious Cervical Lesions.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the 5-year clinical performance of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCL). METHODS AND MATERIALS: The sample comprised 35 adults with at least two similar-sized NCCL. Seventy restorations were placed, according to one of the following groups: Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) and Ambar (AM). The restorations were placed incrementally using a resin composite (Opallis). The restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 6 and 18 months and 5 years using some items of the FDI criteria. The differences in the ratings of the two materials after 6 months, 18 months, and 5 years were performed with Friedman repeated measures ANOVA by rank and McNemar test for significance in each pair (α=0.05). RESULTS: Five patients did not attend the 60-month recall. No significant differences were observed between the materials for any criteria evaluated. Twenty-one restorations failed (12 for SB and 9 for AM) after 60 months. Thus, the retention rate for SB at 60 months were 55.6% for SB and 71% for AM (p=0.32). After 60 months, 12 restorations (6 for SB and 6 AM) showed some loss of marginal adaptation (p=1.0). Slight marginal discoloration was observed in 10 restorations (6 for SB and 4 AM; p=0.91). Five restorations (2 for SB and 3 for AM) showed recurrences of caries (p=1.0). CONCLUSIONS: Both two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives-Adper Single Bond 2, a polyalkenoic acid-containing adhesive, and Ambar, a 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-containing adhesive-showed acceptable clinical performance after 60 months.

Thyrotropin-secreting microadenoma and the importance of a prompt diagnosis: A case report.

Background: The prevalence of thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas, most being macroadenomas, is one to two cases per million inhabitants. Their differential diagnosis may be challenging, especially for microadenomas. Case description: We present the case of a 50-year-old male with progressive neck enlargement, hot sudorific hands, anorexia, diarrhea, and weight loss over the preceding three months. Laboratory evaluation revealed high thyroid hormones, predominantly high free triiodothyronine of 7.74 pg/mL (reference range 2.3-4.2), with a non-suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of 1.73 µIU/mL (reference range 0.55-4.78). A high level of suspicion directed additional evaluation that revealed a high total alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones (αGS) and αGS/TSH ratio. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a six mm pituitary lesion. A microthyrotropinoma was diagnosed, and long-acting octreotide was initiated before surgery for symptomatic control. Endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal tumor resection was performed months later. The patient was in remission one year after surgery with no pituitary deficits. Conclusions: Reaching an accurate diagnosis on time is crucial for deciding the optimal therapeutic approach and preventing and decreasing the frequency of endocrine and neurological complications. HIPPOKRATIA 2022, 26 (4):157-160.

Development of an automated sensor for in-situ continuous monitoring of streambed sediment height of a waterway.

The sedimentary processes play a major role in every aquatic ecosystem, however, there are few automated options for in-situ monitoring of sediment displacement in the streambed of waterways. We present an automated optical instrument for in-situ continuous monitoring of sediment deposition and erosion of the streambed that requires no calibration. With a production cost of 32€, power consumption of 300 µA in sleep mode, and capacity to monitor the bedform of a waterway, the sensor was developed to evaluate the sediment dynamics of coastal areas with a wide spatial and temporal resolution. The novel device is intended to be buried in the sand and uses 32 infrared channels to monitor the streambed sediment height. For testing purposes, a maximum measuring length of 160 mm and 5 mm resolution was chosen, but these values are scalable. Sensors can be built with different ranges and precision according to the needs of the fieldwork. A laboratory experiment was conducted to demonstrate the working principle of the instrument and its behaviour regarding the turbidity originated by suspended sediment and the settling and deposition of the suspended particles. The device was deployed for 119 days in an estuarine area and was able to detect patterns in the sediment deposition and resuspension during the tidal cycles. Also, abnormal events occurred during the experiment as floods and algae blooms. During these events, the sensor was able to record exceptional erosion and sediment deposition rates. The reported automated instrument can be broadly used in sedimentary studies or management and planning of fluvial and maritime infrastructures to provide real-time information about the changes in the bedform of the watersheds.

Evaluation of Tooth Sensitivity of In-office Bleaching with Different Light Activation Sources: A Systematic Review and a Network Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: A systematic review and network meta-analysis were performed to answer the following research question: Are there differences in the risk and the intensity of tooth sensitivity (TS) among eight light activation systems for in-office bleaching in adults? METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared at least two different in-office bleaching light activations were included. The risk of bias (RoB) was evaluated with the RoB tool version 1.0 from the Cochrane Collaboration tool. A random-effects Bayesian mixed treatment comparison (MTC) model was used independently for high- and low-concentration hydrogen peroxide. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) approach. A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Bridge Base Online (BBO), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database (LILACS), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature without date and language restrictions on April 23, 2017 (updated on September 26, 2019). Dissertations and theses, unpublished and ongoing trials registries, and IADR (International Association for Dental Research) abstracts (2001-2019) were also searched. RESULTS: After title and abstract screening and the removal of duplicates, 32 studies remained. Six were considered to be at low RoB, three had high RoB, and the remaining had an unclear RoB. The MTC analysis showed no significant differences among the treatments in each network. In general, the certainty of the evidence was graded as low due to unclear RoB and imprecision. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence that the risk and intensity of TS are affected by light activation during in-office bleaching.

A New Dual-cure Universal Simplified Adhesive: 18-month Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trial.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Non-carious cervical lesion restorations using a dual-cure universal adhesive in self-etch and etch-and-rinse mode showed satisfactory clinical performance after 18 months. SUMMARY: Objectives: The objective of this multicenter, double-blind, split-mouth randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical performance of a new dual-cure universal adhesive system (Futurabond U, Voco GmBH) when applied using different strategies over a period of 18 months.Methods and Materials: Fifty patients participated in this study. Two hundred non-carious cervical lesions were restored using the adhesive Futurabond U according to four adhesive strategies (n=50 per group): only self-etch (SEE), selective enamel etching + self-etch (SET), etch-and-rinse with dry dentin (ERDry), and etch-and-rinse with wet dentin (ERWet). After the adhesive application, cavities were restored using Admira Fusion composite resin. These restorations were evaluated according to FDI World Dental Federation criteria for the following characteristics: retention/fracture, marginal adaptation, marginal staining, postoperative sensitivity, and caries recurrence.Results: After 18 months, only four patients (12 months: one patient, n=4 restorations; and 18 months: three patients, n=12 restorations) were not evaluated. Fourteen restorations were lost after 18 months of clinical evaluation (four for SEE, three for SET, three for ERDry, and four for ERWet). The retention rates for 18 months (95% confidence interval) were 92% (81%-97%) for SEE, 94% (83%-97%) for SET, 94% (83%-97%) for ERDry, and 92% (81%-97%) for ERWet (p>0.05). Thirty-eight restorations were considered to have minor discrepancies in marginal adaptation at the 18-month recall (13 for SEE, 13 for SET, six for ERDry, and six for ERWet; p>0.05). Fourteen restorations were detected as a minor marginal discoloration at the 18-month recall (six for SEE, six for SET, one for ERDry, and one for ERWet; p>0.05). However, all were considered clinically acceptable. No restorations showed postoperative sensitivity or caries recurrence at the time.Conclusion: The clinical performance of the Futurabond U did not depend on the bonding strategy used, and it was considered reliable after 18 months of clinical evaluation, although more marginal discrepancy was observed in the self-etch group.

Design of a Multipoint Cost-Effective Optical Instrument for Continuous In-Situ Monitoring of Turbidity and Sediment.

A cost-effective optical instrument for continuous in-situ monitoring applications is presented. With a production cost in raw materials of 38 €, a power consumption of 300 A in sleep mode and 100 mA in active mode (5 ms reading), and a capacity to monitor turbidity and sedimentary displacement at eight different depths in the water column, the sensor was developed for sediment monitoring in coastal areas. Due to the extent and dynamics of the processes involved in these areas, observations require a wide spatial and temporal resolution. Each of the eight monitoring nodes uses one infrared backscatter channel, to estimate turbidity and sediment concentration, and one ultraviolet with one infrared transmitted light channels to distinguish organic/inorganic composition of the suspended material load. An in-lab calibration was conducted, using formazine to correlate turbidity with the electronic outputs of the instrument. An analysis of the influence of external light sources and correction techniques were performed. Moreover, an in-lab experiment was conducted to study the behaviour of the sensor-to-sediment transport, wash load and sediment accumulation. The device was deployed, with a water level sensor, in an estuarine area with high sediment dynamics. The monitoring data were analysed, showing the potential of the device to continuously monitor turbidity, sediment processes, and distinguish between organic and inorganic matter, at the different depths in the water column.

Development of a Cost-Effective Optical Sensor for Continuous Monitoring of Turbidity and Suspended Particulate Matter in Marine Environment.

A cost-effective optical sensor for continuous in-situ monitoring of turbidity and suspended particulate matter concentration (SPM), with a production cost in raw materials less than 20 €, is presented for marine or fluvial applications. The sensor uses an infrared LED and three photodetectors with three different positions related to the light source-135º, 90º and 0º-resulting in three different types of light detection: backscattering, nephelometry and transmitted light, respectively. This design allows monitoring in any type of environment, offering a wide dynamic range and accuracy for low and high turbidity or SPM values. An ultraviolet emitter-receiver pair is also used to differentiate organic and inorganic matter through the differences in absorption at different wavelengths. The optical transducers are built in a watertight structure with a radial configuration where a printed circuit board with the electronic signal coupling is assembled. An in-lab calibration of the sensor was made to establish a relation between suspended particulate matter (SPM) or the turbidity (NTU) to the photodetectors' electrical output value in Volts. Two different sizes of seashore sand were used (180 µm and 350 µm) to evaluate the particle size susceptibility. The sensor was tested in a fluvial environment to evaluate SPM change during sediment transport caused by rain, and a real test of 22 days continuous in-situ monitoring was realized to evaluate its performance in a tidal area. The monitoring results were analysed, showing the SPM change during tidal cycles as well as the influence of the external light and biofouling problems.

Mechanical and microbiological properties and drug release modeling of an etch-and-rinse adhesive containing copper nanoparticles.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of addition of copper nanoparticles (CN) at different concentrations into a two-step etch-and-rinse (2-ER) adhesive on antimicrobial activity (AMA), copper release (CR), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS), solubility (SO), as well as the immediate (IM) and 1-year resin-dentin bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL). METHODS: Seven adhesives were formulated according to the addition of CN (0, 0.0075, 0.015, 0.06, 0.1, 0.5 and 1wt%) in adhesive. The AMA was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans using agar diffusion assay. For CR, WS and SO, specimens were constructed and tested for 28 days. For UTS, specimens were tested after 24h and 28 days. For DC, specimens were constructed and tested after 24h by FTIR. After enamel removal, the ER was applied to dentin. After composite resin build-ups, specimens were sectioned to obtain resin-dentin sticks. For µTBS and NL, specimens were tested after 24h and 1-year periods. All data were submitted to statistical analysis (α=0.05). RESULTS: The addition of CN provided AMA to the adhesives at all concentrations. Higher CR was observed in adhesives with higher concentration of CN. UTS, DC, WS and SO were not influenced. For µTBS an increase was observed in 0.1 and 0.5% copper group. For NL, a significant decrease was observed in all groups in comparison with control group. After 1-year, no significant reductions of µTBS and no significant increases of NL were observed for copper containing adhesives compared to the control group. SIGNIFICANCE: The addition of CN in concentrations up to 1wt% in the 2-ER adhesive may be an alternative to provide AMA and preserve the bonding to dentin, without reducing adhesives' mechanical properties evaluated.

Dietary inclusion of tomato pomace improves meat oxidative stability of young pigs.

The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional effect of tomato pomace, in combination with two distinct fat sources (lard or soya bean oil), on longissimus lumborum muscle, subcutaneous fat and liver of young pigs. Forty male pigs of 4 weeks old were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments using two fibre sources (wheat bran or 5.0% tomato pomace) and two fat sources (lard or soya bean oil), in a 2 × 2 factorial design for a 5-week trial. Tomato pomace did not improve colour, fatty acid profile, cholesterol content or lipid oxidation, nor did it yield detectable levels in lycopene or ß-carotene in the meat (p > 0.05). However, a positive increase in α-tocopherol content of meat and liver was observed in pigs fed tomato pomace (p < 0.05). Compared with lard, soya bean oil increased MUFA and PUFA proportions and decreased the percentage of SFA (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that 5.0% of tomato pomace increases pork oxidative stability and that 5.0% of soya bean oil, compared with lard, improves its nutritional quality.

Monografía dedicada a las áreas de capacitación específicas pediátricas (ACES) del Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón / Monograph dedicated to the specific area of pediatric training (SAPT) of the Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón

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Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Servicio de Pediatría y sus áreas específicas / Pediatric Infectious Diseases Section of the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Pediatric Department and its specific areas

La Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas del Hospital Infantil Gregorio Marañón es actualmente una Unidad de referencia tanto en la Comunidad de Madrid como a nivel nacional. Desde su creación ha ido adaptándose a las nuevas necesidades de la atención en patología infecciosa pediátrica en el siglo XXI, lo que supone un conocimiento de esta patología en los pacientes críticos, inmunodeprimidos y aquellos supervivientes gracias al desarrollo de la medicina actual. El trabajo asistencial dela Sección se desarrolla en la atención de pacientes hospitalizados como médicos responsables directos, de los pacientes atendidos de forma ambulatoria y también participando de forma transversal como médicos consultores en el asesoramiento en cuanto a la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la patología infecciosa de los pacientes pediátricos ingresados en las distintas unidades de un hospital de elevada complejidad médica y quirúrgica. La Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas tiene un compromiso docente participando de la docencia pregrado en pediatría y en la postgrado, no solo del médico interno residente (MIR) sino también de Masters en Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas de la Universidad Complutense así como en formación de otros profesionales de países de baja renta mediante la red PENTA y el proyecto ESTHER del Ministerio de Sanidad. Respecto a su labor investigadora, la Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas participa con grupo propio consolidado en el Instituto de Investigación del hospital, siendo destacable el trabajo en redes reconocidas a nivel nacional e internacional en distintos campos en enfermedades infecciosas: red de tuberculosis, red de VIH, red de CMV congénito y otras. La Sección también participa en cooperación, formando parte del programa de ayuda mediante telemedicina con los hospitales de Lamu y Meki en África. Asimismo, realiza una actividad de asesoramiento en el tratamiento de cohortes de pacientes VIH de Latinoamérica, como son las cohortes de Ecuador y Guatemala. Fruto de todo lo anterior, los profesionales que trabajan en la Sección de Enfermedades Infecciosas Pediátricas del Hospital Gregorio Marañón participan en la divulgación de los conocimientos y directrices en cuanto a la patología infecciosa pediátrica en nuestro país y en Europa, encontrándose formando parte de comités de sociedades, redes y grupos de trabajo científicos y administrativos tanto nacionales como internacionales, dentro de sociedades científicas como son la AEP, la SEIP, la ESPID, y del Ministerio de Sanidad, como la comisión nacional creada para el uso racional de antimicrobianos, comisiones locales con el mismo fin, así como representatividad en la actual comisión creada desde el Ministerio para la elaboración del programa de formación del Área de Capacitación específica en Enfermedades Infecciosas (AU)

Pediatric Infectious Diseases Hospital Infantil Gregorio Maranon Section is currently a reference unit in Madrid and also in Spain. Since its creation it has adapted to the new needs of care in pediatric infectious disease in the XXI century. The Section treats inpatients directly, outpatients and also participate transversely as consulting physicians in advising on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease hospitalized in the units of a high complex clinical and surgery hospital. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Section has a teaching in undergraduate in pediatrics but also the specialist and also Masters in Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the Complutense University as well as training of lower rent professionals. With regard to research, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Section, participates with own group consolidated in the HGUGM Research Institute, The section works in recognized networks at national and international level in diferents networks (tuberculosis, HIV, congenital CMV, etc.). The Section also participates in cooperation as part of the aid program through telemedicine Lamu and Meki hospitals in Africa. It also performs an advisory activity in the treatment of HIV patient cohorts of Latin America, such as Ecuador and Guatemala cohorts. The result of the above professionals working in the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Hospital Gregorio Maranon Section involved in the dissemination of knowledge and guidelines for infectious disease pediatric in our country and in Europe, being part of committees of societies, networks and groups of national and international scientific work within scientific societies such as AEP, SEIP, ESPID, and the Ministry of Health, as the national commission created for the rational use of antimicrobials, local commissions the same purpose and representativeness in the current Ministry commission to prepare the Specific training pograme (AU)

Vacunación frente a la gripe estacional en la infancia y la adolescencia. Recomendaciones del Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP) para la campaña antigripal 2016-2017 / Seasonal influenza vaccination in children and adolescents. Recommendations of the Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Spanish Society of Paediatrics for the 2016-2017 campaign

El Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP) emite todos los años sus recomendaciones sobre la vacunación frente a este virus en la infancia y la adolescencia. La vacunación de la gripe es una actuación especialmente beneficiosa cuando va dirigida a personas (niños y adultos) que se incluyen en los grupos de población considerados de riesgo. Sin embargo, muchos niños y adolescentes pertenecientes a estos grupos de riesgo, y sus convivientes, continúan sin recibir, por distintas razones, dicha vacunación anual. Asimismo, se insiste en la recomendación de la vacunación de los profesionales sanitarios. En el presente documento se presentan las recomendaciones para la vacunación antigripal en la temporada 2016-2017, y se explican los fundamentos y limitaciones de las mismas. Es necesaria una mayor implicación de los profesionales, las autoridades sanitarias y todos los agentes sociales para transmitir cada año a la población, y de forma especial a los padres de niños y adolescentes pertenecientes a los grupos de riesgo, las recomendaciones de vacunación frente a la gripe estacional (AU)

The Advisory Committee on Immunization of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics issues its recommendations about vaccination against influenza virus in children and adolescents every year before the onset of the flu season. Influenza vaccination is particularly beneficial when aimed at individuals, both children and adults, who are included in the population groups considered at risk. However, for various reasons, many children and adolescents with underlying conditions and their contacts are still not given this vaccination annually. There is a need for a greater involvement of health professionals, health authorities and all social agents to inform the population, especially to the parents of children and adolescents in those risk groups, on the recommendations for seasonal influenza vaccination. In this document, current recommendations for influenza vaccination for the 2016-2017 season are presented, and reasons and limitations are explained. The recommendation for influenza vaccination is emphasized for health professionals (AU)

Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP): recomendaciones 2016 / Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2016 recommendations

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[Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2016 recommendations]. / Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP): recomendaciones 2016.

The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP) annually publishes the immunisation schedule which, in our opinion, estimates optimal for children resident in Spain, considering available evidence on current vaccines. We acknowledge the effort of the Ministry of Health during the last year in order to optimize the funded unified Spanish vaccination schedule, with the recent inclusion of pneumococcal and varicella vaccination in early infancy. Regarding the funded vaccines included in the official unified immunization schedule, taking into account available data, CAV-AEP recommends 2+1 strategy (2, 4 and 12 months) with hexavalent (DTPa-IPV-Hib-HB) vaccines and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Administration of Tdap and poliomyelitis booster dose at the age of 6 is recommended, as well as Tdap vaccine for adolescents and pregnant women, between 27-36 weeks gestation. The two-dose scheme should be used for MMR (12 months and 2-4 years) and varicella (15 months and 2-4 years). Coverage of human papillomavirus vaccination in girls aged 11-12 with a two dose scheme (0, 6 months) should be improved. Information for male adolescents about potential beneficial effects of this immunisation should be provided as well. Regarding recommended unfunded immunisations, CAV-AEP recommends the administration of meningococcal B vaccine, due to the current availability in Spanish communitary pharmacies, with a 3+1 scheme (3, 5, 7 and 13-15 months). CAV-AEP requests the incorporation of this vaccine in the funded unified schedule. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants. Annual influenza immunisation and vaccination against hepatitis A are indicated in population groups considered at risk.

Preparative isolation of polymerase chain reaction products using mixed-mode chromatography.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become one of the most useful techniques in molecular biology laboratories around the world. The purification of the target DNA product is often challenging, however, and most users are restricted to employing available commercial kits. The recent developments in mixed-mode chromatography have shown higher selectivity for a variety of nucleic acid-containing samples. Capto Adhere is a mixed-mode chromatography resin that offers a high-selectivity ligand and is here applied for the purification of amplified DNAs from PCR mixtures in a 10-min single step, with yields above 95%, high linearity, and high precision for different concentrations.