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1.
Cell ; 163(5): 1079-1094, 2015 Nov 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26590418

ABSTRACT

Elevated postprandial blood glucose levels constitute a global epidemic and a major risk factor for prediabetes and type II diabetes, but existing dietary methods for controlling them have limited efficacy. Here, we continuously monitored week-long glucose levels in an 800-person cohort, measured responses to 46,898 meals, and found high variability in the response to identical meals, suggesting that universal dietary recommendations may have limited utility. We devised a machine-learning algorithm that integrates blood parameters, dietary habits, anthropometrics, physical activity, and gut microbiota measured in this cohort and showed that it accurately predicts personalized postprandial glycemic response to real-life meals. We validated these predictions in an independent 100-person cohort. Finally, a blinded randomized controlled dietary intervention based on this algorithm resulted in significantly lower postprandial responses and consistent alterations to gut microbiota configuration. Together, our results suggest that personalized diets may successfully modify elevated postprandial blood glucose and its metabolic consequences. VIDEO ABSTRACT.


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Blood Glucose/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Postprandial Period , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology , Diet, Diabetic , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Humans , Smartphone
2.
Science ; 349(6252): 1101-1106, 2015 Sep 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26229116

ABSTRACT

Metagenomic sequencing increased our understanding of the role of the microbiome in health and disease, yet it only provides a snapshot of a highly dynamic ecosystem. Here, we show that the pattern of metagenomic sequencing read coverage for different microbial genomes contains a single trough and a single peak, the latter coinciding with the bacterial origin of replication. Furthermore, the ratio of sequencing coverage between the peak and trough provides a quantitative measure of a species' growth rate. We demonstrate this in vitro and in vivo, under different growth conditions, and in complex bacterial communities. For several bacterial species, peak-to-trough coverage ratios, but not relative abundances, correlated with the manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease and type II diabetes.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/growth & development , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology , Microbiota/physiology , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/genetics , Genome, Bacterial , Humans , Metagenome , Metagenomics , Microbiota/genetics
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