Fear of COVID-19 among Peruvian People Living in Disadvantaged Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 crisis is fuelling a state of fear among the human population at global level. Especially, those living in informal settlements and slums worldwide have been profoundly impacted by this pandemic. Individuals living in these places are already leading underprivileged lives. Thus, the economic and mental health problems caused by the COVID-19 crisis have further exacerbated their living standards, which has resulted, for instance, in tragedies such as suicides. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we have sought to identify those individuals most at risk of displaying high levels of fear of COVID-19 in an informal settlement located in the capital city of Peru. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 449 inhabitants living in the Carmen Alto informal settlement. The questionnaire was made up of two parts: the first one inquired about demographic data and the second part consisted of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. RESULTS: The demographic variables of age, gender, marital status, educational level, occupation, whether a relative from the household was infected with COVID-19, and whether one of them died of this showed significant differences. It could be observed as well that the groups of females, stable workers, unemployed and those having completed a workforce education are at higher odds of displaying high levels of fear of COVID-19. As expected, the groups that had either a relative infected with COVID-19 or a relative death by this had the highest levels of fear towards the virus. CONCLUSION: The female participants are more likely to display higher levels of fear of COVID-19 due to the terrible effect that unfavorable events have on them. In the cases of the unemployed and stable workers, their proneness to show high levels of fear towards the virus is because they have lost their incomes, due to the loss of their jobs, and because of fear of infection, respectively. Hence, we hope that this work serves Peruvian (and other) health authorities to develop strategies that help individuals living in informal settlements and are in urgent need of mitigating mental health problems.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a la dislipidemia en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 de la Comunidad de Cantabria / The prevalence and risk factors associated with dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients in the autonomous Region of Cantabria

Antecedentes y objetivo: La dislipidemia es uno de los principales factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a la dislipidemia en la población con DM2 de la Comunidad de Cantabria. Material y métodos: Es un estudio transversal realizado en centros de Atención Primaria del Servicio Cántabro de Salud (n = 680). Se seleccionó una muestra aleatorizada representativa de la población con DM2 de 18 a 85 años mediante un procedimiento polietápico. Se obtuvieron de la historia clínica y mediante entrevista los datos de los factores de riesgo a estudio. Se analizó la asociación con la dislipidemia mediante regresión logística. Resultados: El 52,1% eran hombres, la edad media fue de 69,8 años, la evolución de la diabetes de 9,99 años, el 84,3% tenían HTA, el 76,6% sobrepeso/obesidad y la HbA1c media era de 6,96%. La prevalencia de dislipidemia fue del 85,3% y en el análisis bivariado se asoció con antecedente de enfermedad vascular periférica, diabetes controlada, tratamiento antihipertensivo, filtrado glomerular, HbA1c > 7%, grasa corporal estimada en sobrepeso y obesidad, antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular, edad y HbA1c. En el análisis multivariante los factores independientes fueron el sexo femenino y el antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de dislipidemia en nuestro estudio fue del 85,3% y es consistente con la encontrada en estudios previos publicados. Los factores de riesgo asociados de forma independiente fueron el sexo femenino y el antecedente personal de enfermedad cardiovascular

Background and objective: Dyslipidemia is one of the main risk factors in cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with dyslipidemia in the population with diabetes mellitus type 2 in the region of Cantabria. Material and methods: This is a transversal study carried out at Cantabrian primary health care centres (n = 680). A representative, random sample of the population with DM2, ranging from 18-85, was selected using a multistage procedure. The medical records were obtained, and by means of interviews the data of the risk factors to be studied was secured. The correlation with dyslipidemia was analysed by means of logistic regression. Results: There were 52.1% of males, the average age was 69.8, the evolution of diabetes was 9.99 years, 84.3% had arterial hypertension, 76.6% were overweight or obese and the average HbA1c was 6.96%. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 85.3%, and in the bivariate analysis this is associated with a history of peripheral artery disease, controlled diabetes, antihypertensive treatment, glomerular filtration, HbA1c>7%, body fat estimated as being either overweight or obese, a history of cardiovascular disease, age and HbA1c. In the multivariate analysis the independent factors were being female and a history of cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia in our study was 85.3%, and is consistent with figures found in previous published studies. The independent associated risk factors were being female and a past medical history of cardiovascular disease

The prevalence and risk factors associated with dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients in the autonomous Region of Cantabria. / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a la dislipidemia en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 de la Comunidad de Cantabria.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Dyslipidemia is one of the main risk factors in cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with dyslipidemia in the population with diabetes mellitus type 2 in the region of Cantabria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a transversal study carried out at Cantabrian primary health care centres (n=680). A representative, random sample of the population with DM2, ranging from 18-85, was selected using a multistage procedure. The medical records were obtained, and by means of interviews the data of the risk factors to be studied was secured. The correlation with dyslipidemia was analysed by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 52.1% of males, the average age was 69.8, the evolution of diabetes was 9.99 years, 84.3% had arterial hypertension, 76.6% were overweight or obese and the average HbA1c was 6.96%. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 85.3%, and in the bivariate analysis this is associated with a history of peripheral artery disease, controlled diabetes, antihypertensive treatment, glomerular filtration, HbA1c>7%, body fat estimated as being either overweight or obese, a history of cardiovascular disease, age and HbA1c. In the multivariate analysis the independent factors were being female and a history of cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dyslipidemia in our study was 85.3%, and is consistent with figures found in previous published studies. The independent associated risk factors were being female and a past medical history of cardiovascular disease.

[Viral Hepatitis Infection Markers Among Blood Donor in a National Hospital of Metropolitan Lima]. / Marcadores de infección para hepatitis viral en donantes de sangre de un hospital nacional de lima metropolitana.

The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of infection markers for hepatitis B and hepatitis C and to identify associated factors in blood donors. The study was carried out using data obtained from blood donor medical records collected in a public hospital in Lima. Of 28,263 individuals analyzed between 2012 and 2015, 0.6% (n=156) were reactive for HBsAg; 5.2% (n=1,465), for anti-HBc; and 0.8% (n=232), for anti-HVC. Positive results for HBsAg (p=0.319) and anti-HVC (p=0.037) were more common in voluntary donors. For HBsAg and anti-HBc, positive results were more common in individuals aged 50 years or older. The number of voluntary donors was higher among individuals younger than 20 years (p<0.001). The study indicates that reactivity to hepatitis infection markers is associated with voluntary donation and the age group of blood donors.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de marcadores de infección para hepatitis B, hepatitis C y conocer los factores asociados en los donantes de sangre. El estudio se realizó con datos del registro de donantes de un hospital público de Lima. De 28 263 sujetos analizados entre 2012 y 2015, el 0,6% (n=156) fue reactivo para HBsAg; 5,2% (n=1465) para anti-HBc, y 0,8% (n=232) para Anti-HVC. Los resultados positivos para HBsAg (p=0,319) y anti-HVC (p=0,037) fueron en mayor proporción en los donantes voluntarios. Los resultados positivos para HBsAg y anti-HBc fueron en mayor proporción en las personas de 50 a más años de edad. Los donantes voluntarios fueron en mayor proporción en los sujetos menores de 20 años (p<0,001). En conclusión, la reactividad a los marcadores de infección para hepatitis está asociado a la donación voluntaria y al grupo de edad de los donantes.

Marcadores de infección para hepatitis viral en donantes de sangre de un hospital nacional de lima metropolitana / Viral Hepatitis Infection Markers Among Blood Donor in a National Hospital of Metropolitan Lima

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de marcadores de infección para hepatitis B, hepatitis C y conocer los factores asociados en los donantes de sangre. El estudio se realizó con datos del registro de donantes de un hospital público de Lima. De 28 263 sujetos analizados entre 2012 y 2015, el 0,6% (n=156) fue reactivo para HBsAg; 5,2% (n=1465) para anti-HBc, y 0,8% (n=232) para Anti-HVC. Los resultados positivos para HBsAg (p=0,319) y anti-HVC (p=0,037) fueron en mayor proporción en los donantes voluntarios. Los resultados positivos para HBsAg y anti-HBc fueron en mayor proporción en las personas de 50 a más años de edad. Los donantes voluntarios fueron en mayor proporción en los sujetos menores de 20 años (p<0,001). En conclusión, la reactividad a los marcadores de infección para hepatitis está asociado a la donación voluntaria y al grupo de edad de los donantes.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of infection markers for hepatitis B and hepatitis C and to identify associated factors in blood donors. The study was carried out using data obtained from blood donor medical records collected in a public hospital in Lima. Of 28,263 individuals analyzed between 2012 and 2015, 0.6% (n=156) were reactive for HBsAg; 5.2% (n=1,465), for anti-HBc; and 0.8% (n=232), for anti-HVC. Positive results for HBsAg (p=0.319) and anti-HVC (p=0.037) were more common in voluntary donors. For HBsAg and anti-HBc, positive results were more common in individuals aged 50 years or older. The number of voluntary donors was higher among individuals younger than 20 years (p<0.001). The study indicates that reactivity to hepatitis infection markers is associated with voluntary donation and the age group of blood donors.

Grado de desarrollo de la resiliencia y su relación con los factores protectores y de riesgo, en adolescentes de instituciones educativas de Lima, Ica, Ayacucho y Huánuco - 2005 / Stage of development the resilience and its relationship with the protective and risk factors in adolescent educational institutions of Lima, lca, Ayacucho and Huanuco

La resiliencia es el conjunto de procesos sociales e intrapsíquicos que posibilitan a las personas a tener una vida sana en un medio insano, producto de las interacciones de sus atributos con su ambiente social, por ello la realización del presente estudio titulado: "GRADO DE DESARROLLO DE LA RESlLIENCIA y SU RELACION CON LOS FACTORES PROTECTORES Y DE RIESGO EN ADOLESCENTES DE INSTITUCIONES EDUCATIVAS DE LIMA, ICA, AYACUCHO Y HUANUCO". Con el objetivo de determinar el grado de desarrollo de la resiliencia y su relación con la presencia de factores protectores y de riesgo en adolescentes de las instituciones educativas de Lima, lea Ayacucho y Huánuco según sexo y procedencia. Estudio de tipo descriptivo, correlacional y transversal, se aplicaron dos cuestionarios, uno para determinar el grado de desarrollo de la resiliencia y otro para identificar los factores protectores y de riesgo en 2745 adolescentes de las instituciones educativas mencionadas. La confiabilidad de los instrumentos fue de 0.839 y 0.816 respectivamente. Teniendo como resultados que, el 97 por ciento de los adolescentes tuvieron entre alto y mediano grado de desarrollo de la resiliencia. El 85 por ciento de los adolescentes presento mayores factores de riesgo y el 15 por ciento mayores factores protectores. Concluyendo que, existe una relación significativa entre el grado de desarrollo de la resiliencia y los factores protectores y de riesgo aceptándose así la hipótesis de investigación.

Resilience is the set of social and intrapsychic processes that enable people to have a healthy life in half insane, a product of the interactions of its attributes with their social environment, so the completion of this study entitled "STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT THE RESILIENCE ANO ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PROTECTIVE AND RISK FACTORS IN ADOLESCENT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS of Lima, lca, Ayacucho and Huánucoõ. In order to determine the degree of development of resilience and their relation to the presence of risk and protective factors in adolescents in educational institutions in Lima, Ayacucho and Huánuco lea by sex and origin. This is a descriptive, correlational and cross-applied two questionnaires, one to determine the degree of resilience building and another to identify risk and protective factors in adolescents in 2745 mentioned educational institutions. The instrument reliability was 0.839 and 0.816 respective/y. With the results, 97 per cent of adolescents were between high and medium level of development of resilience. 85 per cent of adolescents showed higher risk factors and protective factors 15 per cent higher. Concluding that: there is a significant relationship between the degree of development of resilience and protective factors and risk and accepting the research hypothesis.