ABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La investigación en centros educacionales es una fuente frecuente de estudios de las áreas sociales y salud. Objetivo: Determinar el conocimiento y la adherencia a la regulación ética y legal vigente de la investigación realizadas con niños en centros educacionales. Metodología: Estudio transversal tipo encuesta online. Se consultó sobre el nivel de conocimiento y adherencia a la regulación ética y legislación vigente en Chile, para realizar investigación con menores de edad. Resultados: 126 centros respondieron la encuesta; 69% de zonas urbanas; 60% son centros municipales y 34% particulares subvencionados. En un 31,8% de los centros se realizó investigación, 41% de salud y 30,8% de educación. El 27,5% informó que la investigación contaba con aprobación del comité ético-científico para su implementación, un 82% señaló no recibir ni tener conocimiento de los aspectos regulatorios sobre la investigación con seres humanos. Conclusión: Existe bajo conocimiento y adherencia a la regulación ética y legal de la investigación con niños en centros educacionales. Se realizó una jornada de difusión de los resultados y se propuso un flujograma generado por expertos orientado a los directores de centros educacionales para contribuir a la adherencia de los aspectos éticos y regulatorios de la investigación en centros educacionales.
Background: Research in educational centers is a frequent source of social and health related studies. Objective: To determine the knowledge and adherence to the current legal and ethical regulations to research performed on children at educational institutions. Methodology: Cross-sectional study online survey-type. The level of knowledge and adherence to the ethical regulation and legislation in Chile, to conduct research with minors was consulted. Results: 126 educational institutions responded the survey; 69% belonged to urban centers; 60% corresponded to those under the Municipality umbrella and 34% to charter schools. Research was performed in 31,8% of the consulted institutions, 41% of the research was on health issues and 30,8% on education. The 27,5% answered that they had the approval of ethical-scientific committee, 82% answered that they neither received nor had any awareness of regulatory aspects on research. Conclusion: There is low knowledge and adherence to ethical and legal regulation to research performed with children in educational centers. A journey for dissemination of results was performed and a flow chart was created by experts and proposed to the school directors to contribute to the adherence of ethical and regulatory aspects of research in educational centers.
Antecedentes: A pesquisa em centros educacionais é uma fonte frequente de estudos das áreas sociais e de saúde. Objetivo: determinar o conhecimento e a adesão à regulamentação ética e legal vigente de pesquisa realizada com crianças em centros educacionais. Metodologia: estudo transversal de tipo enquete on-line. Consultou-se sobre o nível de conhecimento e adesão ao regulamento ético e a legislação vigente no Chile, para realizar a pesquisa com menores de idade. Resultados: 126 centros responderam à enquete; 69% em áreas urbanas; 60% são centros municipais e 34% centros particulares subsidiados. Em 31,8% dos centros foram realizadas pesquisas, 41% de saúde e 30,8% de educação. 27,5% relataram que a pesquisa teve aprovação do Comitê de etico-cientifico para a sua execução, 82% disseram não receber ou ter conhecimento dos aspectos regulatórios da pesquisa com seres humanos. Conclusão: Existe pouco conhecimento e adesão ao regulamento ético e legal de pesquisa envolvendo crianças em centros educacionais. Fora realizada uma conferência para a divulgação dos resultados e fora proposto um fluxograma gerado por especialistas, que visam os diretores de centros educacionais para contribuir para a aderência dos aspectos éticos e regulatórios de pesquisa em centros educacionais.
Subject(s)
Humans , Research/legislation & jurisprudence , Schools , Surveys and Questionnaires , Ethics, Research , Chile , Cooperative BehaviorABSTRACT
The active metabolite of leflunomide, A77 1726 inhibits the proliferation of a variety of mammalian cell lines in culture. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent proliferation is inhibited by A77 1726 at an effective dose of 30-40 microM. A77 1726 appears to directly inhibit the EGF receptor tyrosine-specific kinase activity both in intact cells and purified EGF receptors at the same effective dose. These data suggest that leflunomide inhibits cellular proliferation by the inhibition of tyrosine-specific kinase activities.
Subject(s)
Aniline Compounds/pharmacology , ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors , ErbB Receptors/metabolism , Hydroxybutyrates/pharmacology , Isoxazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Crotonates , Fibroblasts , Humans , KB Cells , Leflunomide , Male , Nitriles , Phosphorylation , Skin/metabolism , Toluidines , Tumor Cells, CulturedSubject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Antibody Formation/drug effects , Immunity, Cellular/drug effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology , Inflammation/drug therapy , Isoxazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Graft Rejection/drug therapy , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Isoxazoles/therapeutic use , Leflunomide , Mice , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , RatsABSTRACT
Proteoglycan-induced arthritis is a mouse model displaying many similarities to human rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis which has been documented by clinical and histopathological studies. The development of the disease in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice is dependent upon the expression of both cell-mediated and humoral immunity to host mouse cartilage proteoglycan. Since both development and regression of acute inflammatory processes in joints correlate directly with the serum antibody level to mouse cartilage proteoglycan, it is believed that these autoreactive antibodies may play a key role in the pathological mechanism of proteoglycan-induced arthritis. The treatment of arthritic animals with an immunomodulating agent (leflunomide) suppressed acute inflammatory events, protected animals from new inflammatory episodes or acute exacerbations in chronically inflamed joints and blocked pathological processes in arthritic joints, which otherwise led to progressive deformities, ankylosis and the loss of articular cartilage. We conclude that the suppressive effect of leflunomide (HWA 486) in proteoglycan-induced arthritis primarily is due to the suppression of autoantibody formation and that the drug may be a potential agent in human therapy as well. Further, we feel that this novel model of murine polyarthritis will extend further the pharmacological repertoire necessary to discover innovative antirheumatic drugs.
Subject(s)
Arthritis/drug therapy , Isoxazoles/therapeutic use , Animals , Arthritis/etiology , Arthritis/immunology , Autoantibodies/biosynthesis , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Immunization , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Leflunomide , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Proteoglycans/immunologyABSTRACT
The seriousness of suicide attempts was evaluated in 62 consecutive referrals in 2 general hospitals. As measured by the Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) the majority of cases had a low to moderate intention to die. Increasing age, psychosis and deliberate self-injury were associated with high suicidal intent. Hopelessness and a sense of isolation are significantly more frequent antecedent ideo-affective states in cases with high intent and anger and frustration are more prevalent in cases with low intent. Two other measures of seriousness, the medical condition on admission and lethality of the method used, correlate significantly with the degree of intent. The SIS can distinguish between relatively homogeneous subgroups of suicide attempters for depth studies of aetiology and management.
Subject(s)
Motivation , Personality Tests/statistics & numerical data , Suicide, Attempted/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Drug Overdose/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Psychometrics , Risk Factors , Self Concept , Suicide, Attempted/prevention & control , United Arab EmiratesABSTRACT
Leflunomide has been shown to be very effective in preventing and curing several autoimmune animal diseases. Further, this agent is as effective as cyclosporin A in preventing the rejection of skin and kidney transplants in rats. Preliminary results from patients suffering from severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis demonstrated that clinical and immunological parameters could be improved with leflunomide therapy. Mode of action studies revealed that this substance antagonizes the proliferation inducing activity of several cytokines and is cytostatic for certain cell types. In this light, we could show that tyrosine phosphorylation of the RR-SRC peptide substrate and the autophosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor were, dose dependently, inhibited by leflunomide. EGF activates the intrinsic tyrosine kinase of its receptor, which stimulates the phosphorylation of a variety of peptides, the amino acid residue in all cases is tyrosine. These results indicate that much of leflunomide's activity could be due to the inhibition of tyrosine-kinase(s), which is an important general mechanism for the proliferation of various cell types. Thus, leflunomide, which is effective against autoimmune diseases and reactions leading to graft rejection, would seem to have a mode of action separating it from known immunosuppressive drugs.
