ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Obesity among pre-school children and its repercussions on adult life are growing problems, but there has been little research focusing on its relationship with the deficiency of serum retinol and carotenoids in our region. MATERIAL/METHODS: In a case-control study, a group of 46 preschool children, were matched by sex and age (23 obese and 23 non-obese subjects; average age 5.74 and 5.76 years, respectively). Serum retinol and carotenoid levels were evaluated according to Underwood and Sauberlich. Other aspects evaluated included nutritional status using the weight/height z-score (Obesity ZWH > or = 2), serum levels of triglicerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and the VLDL-c, HDL-c, and LDL-c fractions, classified according to Kwiterovich. RESULTS: Serum retinol insufficiency was 18.2% vs. 6.7% (p=0.38) for cases and controls, respectively. Low carotenoid levels were found in the obese in relation to the non-obese (82% vs. 26,6%, p=0,0054 and OR=12,4). No statistically significant difference between the case and control groups was found for TC and cholesterol fractions, TG and retinol. The findings for the tested parameters were as follows: high TC (cases 30.4%, controls 21.7%; p=0.50), LDL-c (cases and controls 34.8%; p=0.50), low HDL-c (cases 17.4%, controls 26%; p=0.47), high TG (cases 31.8%, controls 17.4%, p=0.65) and high VLDL-c (cases 21.7% and controls 8.7%; p=0.20). CONCLUSIONS: The association of obesity, hyperlipidemia and low serum level of carotenoids, which are essential to antioxidant protection, may be one of many factors predisposing obese children to a high risk of atherosclerosis later in life.
Subject(s)
Carotenoids/blood , Obesity/blood , Vitamin A/blood , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Susceptibility , Female , Humans , Male , Obesity/etiologyABSTRACT
Objetivo: estudar a influência de um prebiótico (oligossacarídeo) acrescido ao leite em pó modificado sobre a flora intestinal de crianças. Métodos: estudo duplo-cego de crianças eutróficas com mais de 1 e menos de 4 anos de idade randomizadas por sorteio em computador a duas dietas: ingestão de leite em pó modificado com adição de prebiótico )n = 14) e leite em pó sem essa adição (n = 14). A oferta de 500 ml/dia dos leites foi feita por 21 dias, de tal maneira que a equipe de pesquisa e a família desconheciam a presença ou não do prebiótico. A análise microbiológica da flora fecal foi realizada antes e após 21 dias de tratamento pelo Laboratório Especial de microbiologia do instituto Butantan. Para a comparação estatística, empregaram-se testes não paramétricos, considerando-se significante p < 0,005. Resultados: ao início do estudo, os dois grupos foram homogêneos em relação ao número de colônias de lacto e bífidos bacilos. Aos 21 dias, o grupo com prebiótico apresentou aumento do número de colônias de lactobacilos muito próximo de significância estatística (p = 0,065) e crescimento altamente significante do número de colônias de bífidos (p = 0,0033). Na comparação entre os grupos após 21 dias de tratamento, constatou-se que o número de colônias de bífidos foi maior no grupo com prebiótico (p = 0,0212).
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Double-Blind Method , Infant Nutrition , Child Nutrition , Oligosaccharides/therapeutic useABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intake of retinol and carotenoids, and their serum levels, as well as the impact of vitamin A supplementation on the anthropometry and body composition of children and adolescents with non-hormonal-related statural deficit. METHOD: Double-blind, randomized trial of 46 pre-pubertal patients, between 4 and 14 years of age, with normal growth rates. The subjects were divided into two groups, each with 23 individuals (Group I: Placebo; Group II: Vitamin A in a single megadose), and were evaluated at moments A and B with a six month interval. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in serum retinol levels, anthropometry, growth velocity, or body composition, between moments A and B, in Group II. Carotenoids were significantly lower in Group I at moment B. The semi-quantitative food intake questionnaire showed that approximately 60.9% of the children and adolescents ingested less than half of the amounts of retinol and carotenoids recommended by the Food Guide Pyramid. Inadequate intake was more prevalent regarding vegetable and fruit carotenoid sources, with 75 and 70% of inadequacy, respectively. CONCLUSION: If one considers the inadequate food intake observed in the dietary evaluation in this study, it is possible that multiple micronutrient deficiencies could be involved in statural deficits. This could explain why vitamin A supplementation does not seem to influence growth in children and adolescents with statural deficit, as indicated by the present study. Thus in populations such as the one studied here, the supplementation with vitamin A should be integrated into comprehensive nutritional interventions, so as to possibly promote greater positive impact on linear growth.
Subject(s)
Anthropometry , Dietary Supplements , Growth Disorders/diet therapy , Growth Disorders/prevention & control , Vitamin A/pharmacology , Adolescent , Body Composition/drug effects , Body Composition/physiology , Carotenoids/administration & dosage , Carotenoids/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Double-Blind Method , Female , Growth Disorders/blood , Humans , Male , Nutritional Status , Time Factors , Vitamin A/administration & dosage , Vitamin A/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To determine the vitamin A intake and the blood levels of carotenoids and retinol in stunted children and adolescents without hormonal disease, assisted in the Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology of the Center for Nutrition and Child Development--Department of Health, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: We evaluated, in a prospective and randomized trial, 47 prepubertal patients between 4 and 14 years old. All patients were submitted to anthropometric evaluation, bone age, bioelectric impedance and serum retional and carotenoid levels. RESULTS: The average of the stature z score was -2.4; 20% of the patients were undernourished, 25.5% they had inadequacy of the fat mass as well as larger delay of the bone age. The more stunted the patients the lower were the carotenoid levels. There was no relationship between the levels of retinol and carotenoids and the growth velocity. In 82.9% of the recall record of food intake, the vitamin A intake was lower than 50% of the established one in the Food Guide Pyramid. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of malnutrition, bone age delay and inadequacy of the levels of carotenoids and vitamin A intake in stunted children and adolescents.
Subject(s)
Body Height , Growth Disorders/etiology , Vitamin A/administration & dosage , Vitamin A/blood , Adolescent , Anthropometry , Carotenoids/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Growth Disorders/blood , Growth Disorders/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Nutrition Disorders/blood , Nutrition Disorders/diagnosis , Nutritional Status , Prospective Studies , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: Determinar a ingestäo dietética de vitamina A e os níveis séricos de carotenóides e retinol em crianças e adolescentes com déficit estatural sem causa hormonal, atendidos no Ambulatório de Endocrinopediatria do Núcleo de Nutriçäo (NUNADI) da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Säo Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados de maneira prospectiva 47 pacientes pré-púberes, entre 4 e 14 anos, com relaçäo a: antropometria, idade óssea, inquérito alimentar, bioimpedanciometria e nível sérico de retinol e carotenóides. RESULTADOS: A média do escore Z da estatura foi de -2,4; 20 por cento dos pacientes eram desnutridos, 25,5 por cento tinham inadequaçäo da massa gorda e maior atraso da idade óssea. Os níveis séricos de retinol e carotenóides foram inadequados em 21 por cento dos pacientes, sendo que foi maior o percentual de inadequaçäo dos carotenóides nos pacientes que apresentavam déficit estatural mais acentuado. Näo houve relaçäo dos níveis séricos de retinol e carotenóides com a velocidade de crescimento. Em 82,9 por cento dos inquéritos alimentares realizados, houve ingestäo de vitamina A inferior a 50 por cento do estabelecido na Pirâmide de Alimentos. CONCLUSÄO: Baseados nestes resultados, concluímos que há uma elevada prevalência de desnutriçäo, comprometimento da idade óssea, inadequaçäo no nível sérico de carotenóides e ingestäo de vitamina A em crianças com comprometimento estatural
