ABSTRACT
Generation of the soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) is a prerequisite for pathogenic IL-6 trans-signaling, which constitutes a distinct signaling pathway of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). Although in vitro experiments using ectopically overexpressed IL-6R and candidate proteases revealed major roles for the metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 in IL-6R shedding, the identity of the protease(s) cleaving IL-6R in more physiological settings, or even in vivo, remains unknown. By taking advantage of specific pharmacological inhibitors and primary cells from ADAM-deficient mice we established that endogenous IL-6R of both human and murine origin is shed by ADAM17 in an induced manner, whereas constitutive release of endogenous IL-6R is largely mediated by ADAM10. Although circulating IL-6R levels are altered in various diseases, the origin of blood-borne IL-6R is still poorly understood. It has been shown previously that ADAM17 hypomorphic mice exhibit unaltered levels of serum sIL-6R. Here, by quantification of serum sIL-6R in protease-deficient mice as well as human patients we also excluded ADAM10, ADAM8, neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3 from contributing to circulating sIL-6R. Furthermore, we ruled out alternative splicing of the IL-6R mRNA as a potential source of circulating sIL-6R in the mouse. Instead, we found full-length IL-6R on circulating microvesicles, establishing microvesicle release as a novel mechanism for sIL-6R generation.
Subject(s)
ADAM Proteins/metabolism , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Protein Isoforms/metabolism , Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism , ADAM10 Protein , ADAM17 Protein , Animals , Cell Line , Humans , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Mice , Monocytes/drug effects , Monocytes/metabolism , Proteolysis , RNA Splicing , Receptors, Interleukin-6/genetics , Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is significantly upregulated not only in malignant cells but also in the pro-inflammatory microenvironment of breast cancer. There, ADAM17 is critically involved in the processing of tumor-promoting proteins. Therefore, ADAM17 appears to be an attractive therapeutic target to address not only tumor cells but also the tumor-promoting environment. In a previous study, we generated a monoclonal anti-ADAM17 antibody (A300E). Although showing no complement-dependent cytotoxicity or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, the antibody was rapidly internalized by ADAM17-expressing cells and was able to transport a conjugated toxin into target cells. As a result, doxorubicin-coupled A300E or Pseudomonas exotoxin A-loaded A300E was able to kill ADAM17-expressing cells. This effect was strictly dependent on the presence of ADAM17 on the surface of target cells. As a proof of principle, both immunotoxins killed MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in an ADAM17-dependent manner. These data suggest that the use of anti-ADAM17 monoclonal antibodies as a carrier might be a promising new strategy for selective anti-cancer drug delivery.
