ABSTRACT
Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. Most patients end up relapsing and developing resistance to antineoplastic drugs, like bortezomib. Antibiotic tigecycline has activity against myeloma. This study analyzed tigecycline and bortezomib combination on cell lines and plasma cells from myeloma patients. Apoptosis, autophagic vesicles, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial superoxide, cell cycle, and hydrogen peroxide were studied by flow cytometry. In addition, mitochondrial antioxidants and electron transport chain complexes were quantified by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) or western blot. Cell metabolism and mitochondrial activity were characterized by Seahorse and RT-qPCR. We found that the addition of tigecycline to bortezomib reduces apoptosis in proportion to tigecycline concentration. Supporting this, the combination of both drugs counteracts bortezomib in vitro individual effects on the cell cycle, reduces autophagy and mitophagy markers, and reverts bortezomib-induced increase in mitochondrial superoxide. Changes in mitochondrial homeostasis and MYC upregulation may account for some of these findings. These data not only advise to avoid considering tigecycline and bortezomib combination for treating myeloma, but caution on the potential adverse impact of treating infections with this antibiotic in myeloma patients under bortezomib treatment.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Bortezomib , Mitochondria , Multiple Myeloma , Reactive Oxygen Species , Tigecycline , Bortezomib/pharmacology , Humans , Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy , Multiple Myeloma/metabolism , Multiple Myeloma/pathology , Tigecycline/pharmacology , Mitochondria/metabolism , Mitochondria/drug effects , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Autophagy/drug effects , Mitophagy/drug effects , Cell Cycle/drug effectsABSTRACT
B cell chronic lymphoproliferative diseases (B-CLPD) are associated with secondary antibody deficiency and other innate and adaptive immune defects, whose impact on infectious risk has not been systematically addressed. We performed an immunological analysis of a cohort of 83 B-CLPD patients with recurrent and/or severe infections to ascertain the clinical relevance of the immune deficiency expression. B-cell defects were present in all patients. Patients with combined immune defect had a 3.69-fold higher risk for severe infection (p = 0.001) than those with predominantly antibody defect. Interestingly, by Kaplan-Meier analysis, combined immune defect showed an earlier progression of cancer with a hazard ratio of 3.21, than predominantly antibody defect (p = 0.005). When B-CLPD were classified in low-degree, high-degree, and plasma cell dyscrasias, risk of severe disease and cancer progression significantly diverged in combined immune defect, compared with predominantly antibody defect (p = 0.001). Remarkably, an underlying primary immunodeficiency (PID) was suspected in 12 patients (14%), due to prior history of infections, autoimmune and granulomatous conditions, atypical or variegated course and compatible biological data. This first proposed SID classification might have relevant clinical implications, in terms of predicting severe infections and cancer progression, and might be applied to different B-CLPD entities.
